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VISITOR.

His Honour the Hon. Wm. Mortimer Clark, K.C.,
Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.

Chairman of the Board of Governors . Hon. Wm. Harty, M.P.

Vice-Chairman . Capt. W. Bruce Carruthers.

BOARD OF GOVERNORS.

Edw. J. B. Pense, M.P.P . Kingston

John McKelvey . Kingston

T. W. Nash . Kingston

James Swift . Kingston

G. M. Macdonnell, K.C . Kingston

Hon. Wm. Harty, M.P . Kingston

A. Shortt, M.A . Kingston

Robt. Crawford, B.A . Kingston

H. A. Calvin, M.P . Kingston

W. Bruce Carruthers . Kingston

Sir Sandford Fleming, K.C.M.G . Ottawa

D. M. McIntyre, B.A . Kingston

D^A^Givens . | Appointed by the City Council

The Warden of the County of Frontenac.

Geo. Y. Chown, B.A . Secretary-Treasurer.

FACULTY.

Nathan F. Dupuis, M.A., F.B. S., F.R. S.C. — Professor of Mathe¬
matics and Mechanism, and Dean of Faculty.

William L. Goodwin, B.Sc. (Bond.), D.Sc. (Edin.), F.R.S.C. —
Professor of Chemistry and Director of School of Mining.

William Nicol, M.A. — Professor of Mineralogy.

W. G. Miller, B. A. — Professor of Geology and Petrography.

L. W. Gill, B.Sc. — Professor of Electrical and Mechanical Engi¬

neering.

Stafford Kirkpatrick, M.Sc. — Professor of Metallurgy.

Reginald Brock, M.A. — Acting Professor of Geology and Petrog¬
raphy.

J. C. Gwillim, B.Sc. — Professor of Mining Engineering.

D. H. Marshall, M.A., F. R.S. E. — Professor of Physics.

N. R. Carmichael, M.A. —Associate Professor of Physics.

A. K. Kirkpatrick, C.E.— Profesosr on Civil Engineering.
Alexander Macphail, M.Sc.— Professor of General Engineering.

W. 0. Teague, B.Sc. — Lecturer on Meohanical Engineering.

John Waddell, B.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. — Lecturer on Chemistry.

A. Kennedy, M.A. — Lecturer on Applied Mathematics
W. C. Baker, M. A. — Lecturer on Physics.

C. W. Dickson, M.A., Ph.D. — Lecturer on Chemistry.

DEMONSTRATORS.

F. H. McDougall, M.A. — Chemistry.

M. B. Baker, M.A. — Mineralogy, Geolog3r.

J. Waddell, B.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. — Librarian.

Geo. Y. Chown, B.A., Secretary-Treasurer.

Professors of Queen's University whose Classes are Attended by
Stndents of the School of Mining.

English.... . Jas. Cappon, M.A., J. Marshall, M.A.

Botany . Jas. Fowler, M.A., LL. D., F.R.S.C.

Animal Biology . A. P. Knight, M.A., M.D.

German . John Macgillivray, Ph.D. (Leipsic).

French . P. G. C. Campbell, B.A. (Oxon).

Mathematics . J. Matheson, M.A.

SCHOOL OF MINING,

KINGSTON, ONT.

REPORT OF DEAN DUPUIS.

To the Board of Governors of the School of Mining:

The Faculty of Practical Science for the first few years of
its existence concerned itself altogether, or very largely, with
such subjects as belong distinctively to the profession of
Mi ning Engineering, and it is still, and must remain, a
Mining School, laying particular stress upon all subjects
cognate to mining ; and we may reasonably expect that the
number of students entering its halls for the purpose of re¬
ceiving a mining education will increase from year to year.

ment, and, as must be the ease with any living and growing
institution in a progressive country, is responding to it.
This is clearly shown by the fact that out of 162 students
properly belong to the School, only 56 are preparing for
mining engineers, while the balance of 106 are devoting
themselves to other engineering courses, principally civil and
electrical engineering.

This is as it should be, and as some of us have all along
hoped and expected that might be. In fact, the profession
of the mining engineer calls pretty extensively upon other
departments of engineering, and the school which is best
equipped all round is in the best condition to give a good
mining education.

But it is not practicable that a school should have an all¬
round equipment if it gives itself and its chief interests
solely to mining, or in fact unless it is actually doing com¬
plete work and plenty of it along the other cognate lines.
As a consequence, I think that we must be prepared to face
the problem of making the school strong in every part in¬
stead of strengthening it in one part at the expense or neglect
of another.

This is the policy which has characterized the operations
of the past year ; for the Civil Engineering Department
has been strengthened by the appointment of two men of
wide experience, and the Mechanical Engineering has been
made more efficient by the assistance of a specialist qualified
in that particular department.

And it is quite proper, I think, to look forward to the
time when the teacher of Mechanical Engineering, instead
of being, as he is now, an assistant to the Professor of Elec¬
trical Engineering, shall have full charge of his department
and be held responsible for it.

Of course the 162 students referred to as properly belong¬
ing to the School of Mines does not include all the students
in attendance. For students in both Arts and Medicine

have to take their chemistry, their mineralogy, their geology
and their physics at the School of Mining. These number
about 183, and their fees constitute an important part of the
revenue of the school.

Some of the subjects, especially chemistry, have very
large classes, and it is quite difficult, if not impracticable, to
accommodate a whole class at once, especially as tire class is
apt to contain students from the three faculties, Arts, Medi¬
cine and Practical Science, at the same time.

It appears to me that the feasible way out of the diffi¬
culty would be, not to attempt to enlarge the room, which is
already quite commodious, but to divide the class into sec¬
tions depending upon the character and need of their special
pursuits. Thus the medicals might be taken by themselves,
and so also might the arts. This has been done in the de¬
partment of mathematics, which has to deal with about 200
students in each session, and it has given eminent satisfac¬
tion.

Of course this requires an additional force, which must be
supplemented by assistants or fellows, who might not be
altogether as efficient as an older and experienced professor.
But, even then, with fairly good assistants, the work would
be more satisfactorily done than by fewer and even better
teachers with crowded and unwieldly classes.

Finally, I wish to say a few words in regard to the work¬
shops, or mechanical laboratory. The shops have been and
are of great use to the school, for besides doing their princi¬
pal work of giving to the student a good knowledge of
workshop practice in pattern making and machine work,
they have within the past three years added more than a
thousand dollars worth of apparatus and appliances to the
departments.

Something practical should be done in the way of getting
a more commodious blacksmith’s shop, and in the near
future we should look forward to having a small foundry for

— 6 —

giving the requisite practical training in moulding and east¬
ing iron and brass.

The shops are open to all, and are carried on for the
benefit of all the departments without discrimination, and not
for the especial benefit of one, as might be the case if the
head of a department should be in authority.

Respectfully submitted,

N. F. Dupuis,

Dean.

REPORT OF DIRECTOR GOODWIN.

To the Board of Governors of the School of Mining:

Gentlemen : — In presenting the twelfth annual report,
I have the pleasure of recording a continued advance along
all lines. For the session just closed (1904-5) the attend¬
ance of students has been as follows :

A. Mining Engineering . 62

B. Chemistry and Mineralogy . 2

D. Chemical Engineering . 1

E. Civil Engineering . 45

F. Mechanical Engineering . ' . 19

G. Electrical Engineering . 31

H. Sanitary Engineering . 2

162

In other courses . 183

345

The growth in the department of Civil Engineering anti¬
cipated in my last report is seen in the increase of nearly 100
per cent, in the numbers in that department. Fortunately
you had provided for this by the appointment of Mr. A. K.
Kirkpatrick to the chair of Civil Engineering. This and

other departments of engineering1 were also strengthened by
the appointment of Mr. Alexander Macphail, M.Sc., to the
chair of General Engineering. The addition to the staff of
a Lecturer on Mechanical Engineering (Mr. W. O. Teague,
B.Sc.) gave the much-needed help in Professor Gill’s de¬
partment, the students in which now number fifty in all the
years of the course.

As the numbers of students increase the space for the sub¬
jects in the older buildings is becoming too small. The
chemistry lecture room, the largest on the campus, is now
nearly filled by the junior class, which includes students of
all faculties. At the present rate of growth this class will
overflow two years hence. All the chemical laboratories are
now filled by the classes which occupy them.

They will certainly be crowded next session, and the fol¬
lowing session will see an overflow. — The space for draught¬
ing in Fleming Hall has become too small. Temporary
relief can be given by putting the advanced classes in the
Museum in the Ontario Building; but, as this space will be
required for the display of our large stores of mineral and
rock specimens, the relief can only be temporary. — The
small class rooms in the Mining Laboratory have now be¬
come so noisy and dusty with the growth of experimental
work there, that space must be provided elsewhere, not only
for class rooms, but for professors’ rooms for the department
of Mining and Metallurgy. In this connection I must point
out the necessity for a Metallurgical Building. Professor
Kirkpatrick is obliged to build temporary furnaces out doors
in order to carry on some of the necessary experimental class
work, which is therefore unduly restricted to the open
weather at the beginning of the session.

Professor Brock was given leave of absence early in the
session to undertake an important examination of the Ross-
land group of mines. During his absence the work of the
Geology department was carried on by Mr. M. B. Baker,

— 8 —

with the valued assistance for a few days of Professor
Miller.

Our graduates maintain the previous record of getting
employment immediately upon graduation. This growing
country can easily absorb all the men we can train for engi¬
neering work. It is only necessary to provide that the
education shall be thorough. With this end in view certain
changes have been made in the regulations for examinations
and class attendance the tendency of which is to prevent stu¬
dents from doing their work in a slipshod way. Ten per
cent, of our graduates have taken a degree in Arts as well as
in Practical Science, and a considerable number have entered
upon the six year courses leading to both degrees.

In order to encourage graduates to continue their studies
after graduation, the University has instituted at the request
of the Faculty of the school the higher degree of Master of
Science (M.So.), to be open to Bachelors of Science after an
additional period of study and research.

The attention of the Board must be called to the need for
the addition to the staff of a considerable number of assist¬
ants. Professors are obliged to give altogether too much of
their time to routine work such as supervision of laboratories
and examining exercises. A large part of this work should
be done by assistants of the grade of demonstrators and fel¬
lows. Professors would thus be able to save their energies
for that part of the instruction which demands more experi¬
ence and maturer judgment.

W. L. Goodwin,

Director.

Queen’s Quarterly.

Vol. XIII. JULY, 1905. No. 1

MOORE’S SATIRICAL VERSE.

(■ Continued from April number.)

ACROSS the ocean French enthusiasm and French fanati¬
cism drank intoxicating draughts and wantoned with
‘le peuple enfant’, ‘qui ne p&che jamais que par erreur’, rather,
as it was, with ‘un colosse aveugle’.

“I feebly paint what yet I feel so strong —

The ills, the vices of the land, [America] where first

Those rebel fiends [of France] that rack the world were nurst !

Where treason’s arm by royalty was nerved,

And Frenchmen learn’d to crush the throne they served.”*

“If thou canst hate, as, oh ! that soul must hate,

Which loves the virtuous and reveres the great,

If thou canst loathe and execrate with me
That Gallic garbage of philosophy,

That nauseous slaver of these frantic times,

With which false liberty dilutes her crimes !

If thou hast .

. honest scorn for that inglorious soul

Which creeps and winds, beneath a mob’s control,

Which courts the rabble’s smile, the rabble’s nod,

And makes, like Egypt, every beast its god !”t

Well, the Restoration came, and it led ‘The Fudge
Family’ to Paris ; and it was a Whig, sir, that collected their
correspondence :

“By the bye, though, at Calais, papa had a touch
Of romance on the pier, which affected me much,

At the sight of that spot, where our darling [Dix-huit]

Set the first of his own dear legitimate feet
(Modell’d out so exactly, and — God bless the mark ! —

* Epistle vi. To Lord Viscount Forbes ; from the city of Washington,
t Epistle vii. To Thomas Hume, Esq., M.D. ; from the same.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

’Tis a foot, Dolly, worthy so Grand a M***que),

He exclaim’d ‘Oh mon R** !’ and with tear-dropping eye,

Stood to gaze on the spot — while some Jacobin, nigh,

Mutter’d out with a shrug (what an insolent thing !)

‘Ma foi, he be right — ‘t is de Englishman’s K**g ;

And dat gros pied de eochon — begar, me vil say,

Dat de foot look mosh better, if turn’d toder way.’ ”

Again, in the fifth Fable for the Holy Alliance — ‘The
Little Grand Lama’ — the satirist pricks and teases, it has been
said, if he does not lash, kings. It is doubtless amusing; and
yet a solemn Tory might say it is ill laughing at a child king,
if you have hereditary rulers.

In Thibet once there reign’d, we’re told,

A little Lama, one year old —

And much his subjects were enchanted,

As well all Lama’s subjects might be,

And would have given their heads, if wanted,

To make tee-totums for the baby.

As he was there by right Divine
What lawyers call Jure Diwino,

Meaning a right to yours and mine,

And everybody’s goods and rhino) —

Of course his faithful subject’s purses
Were ready with their aids and succours—

Nothing was seen but pension’d nurses,

And the land groaned with bibs and tuckers.

But . just when he

Had reached the alarming age of three,

When royal natures — and, no doubt,

Those of all noble beasts — break out,

The Lama, who till then was quiet,

Showed symptoms of a taste for riot, . .

Tweak’d the Lord Chancellor by the nose,

Turn’d all the Judges’ wigs awry,

And trod on the old General’s toes —

Pelted the Bishops with hot buns,

Rode cock-horse on the city maces.

And shot from little devilish guns
Hard peas into his subjects’ faces.

In short, such wicked pranks he played,

And grew so mischievous (God bless him !)

That his chief nurse — though with the aid
Of an Archbishop — was afraid,

When in these moods to comb or dress him ;

And even the persons most inclined
For kings, through thick and thin, to stickle,

MOORE'S SATIRICAL VERSE.

Thought him (if they’d but speak their mind,

Which they did not), an odious pickle.

At length some patriot lords — a breed
Of animals they have in Thibet,”

— they said, in fact : whip the Lama.

“What, whip a Lama ! — Suffer birch

To touch his sacred - infamous !

Deistical ! assailing thus

The fundamentals of the Church !”

But, whipped the Lama was ; and he,

“Like a hero bore it.

And though ’mong Thibet Tories some
Lament that Koyal Martyrdom
(Please to observe the letter D
In this last word’s pronounced like B),

Yet, to the example of that Prince
So much is Thibet’s land a debtor,

’T is said, her little Lamas since
Have all behaved themselves much better.”

Now they even sign treaties with their own tormentors. So
much for kings, as tyrannical as the hateful former rout of
rebels ;

“that band of kings,

That royal ravening flock, whose vampire wings
O’er sleeping Europe treacherously brood,

And fan her into dreams of promised good
Of hope, of freedom — but to drain her blood !”

In lighter vein once more it is the world in general that is
denounced, for that it is filled with middle class tourists whose
talk is of money, if not of bullocks ; Philistines from his home
- in Rhymes on the Road, iv.

And is there then no earthly place
Where we can rest in dreams Elysian,

Without some cursed round English face
Popping up near, to break the vision ?

’Mid northern lakes, ’mid southern vines,

Unholy cits we’re doomed to meet ;

Nor highest Alps, nor Appennines
Are sacred from Threadneedle-street !

If up the Simplon’s path we wind,

Fancying we leave the world behind,

Such pleasant sounds salute one’s ear

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

As — ‘Baddisli news from ’Change, my dear—
The Funds— (phew, curse this ugly hill !)

Are lowering fast — (What ! higher still ?) —
And— zooks, we’re mounting up to Heaven !) —
Will soon be down to sixty-seven.

Go where we may — rest where we will,

Eternal London haunts us still.

And if this rage for travelling lasts,

If cockneys of all sects and castes,

Old maidens, aldermen and squires,

Will leave their puddings and coal fires,

To gape at things in foreign lands
No soul among them understands —

Why, then, farewell all hope to find
A spot that’s free from London-kind !

Who knows, if to the West we roam,

But we may find some Blue ‘at home’

Among the Blacks of Carolina—

Or, flying to the Eastward , see
Some Mrs. Hopkins taking tea
And toast upon the wall of China ?”

Over Europe, in 1819, year of the ‘Manchester massacre’
under Tory regime, went this old-fashioned denunciator of
monarchs, in company with the Whig opposition leader, Lord
John Russell, to Paris and Milan ; then as far as Venice to be
with Byron ; then to Rome. It was in 1818 that his Fudge
Family had gone abroad, when Paris “was swarming with
groups of ridiculous English, of whose various forms of cock-
neyism and nonsense they represented the concentrated essence.
Mr. Bob will —

“Strut to the old Cafe Hardy, which yet
Beats the field at a dejeuner a la fourchette.

There, Dick, what a breakfast ! — oh, not like your ghost
Of a breakfast in England, your curst tea and toast ;

But a sideboard, you dog, where one’s eye roves about,

Like a Turk’s in the harem, and thence singles out
One’s patt of larks just to tune up the throat,

One’s small limbs of chickens, done en papillote ,

One’s erudite cutlets, drest all ways but plain,

Or one’s kidney — imagine Dick — done with champagne !

Then some glasses of Beaune , to dilute — or, mayhap,

Chambertin, which you know’s the pet tipple of Nap,

And which Dad, by the by, that legitimate stickler,

Much scruples to use, but /’ m not so particular.”

MOORE'S SATIRICAL VERSE .

And Miss Biddy also is mightily pleased with herself and her
France.

“I sit down to write yon a line — only think ! —

A letter from France with French pens and French ink,

How delightful ! though, would you believe it, my dear ?

I have seen nothing yet very wonderful here ;

No adventure, no sentiment, far as we’ve come,

But the corn fields and trees quite as dull as at home.”

This from Amiens. Had Heine showed her his letter
thence, Biddy Fudge’s giggling would for once have mocked
him: — “My dear . , Men in those olden times had convic¬

tions, we moderns have only opinions; and something more
than mere opinions is necessary to the erection of such a Gothic
cathedral.”

A lively change from a regicide’s letter of gloomy reflec¬
tion (anent

“the Grand Conspiracy of Kings,

Who .

Against whole millions, panting to be free,” etc.)

is her next letter from Paris. Miss Larolles in Cecilia should

have lived on, to go with her.

“What a time since I wrote ! I’m a sad naughty girl —

Though like a teetotum, I’m all in a whirl .

But, Lord, such a place ! And then, Dolly, my dresses,

My gowns, so divine ! — there’s no language expresses,

(Except just the two words ‘superb’, magnifique’,)

The trimmings of that which I had home last week !

In short, dear, I’m tricked out quite & la francaise,

With my bonnet — so beautiful ! — high up and poking,

Like things that are put to keep chimneys from smoking.

Where shall I begin with the endless delights
Of this Eden of milliners, monkeys, and sights—

This dear busy place, where there’s nothing transacting,

But dressing and dinnering, dancing and acting ?”

Nothing. ‘Rien' , by the way, was down le 14 juillet
1789, in Louis XVFs diary. Nothing seemed to be going on;
but in truth much. Were they not dancing in Paris four years
ago? wrote Xavier de Maistre under the Terror. And Mr.
Bob Fudge notes how, in Restoration fashions for males,

“The collar sticks out from the neck such a space,

That you’d swear ’twas the plan of this head-lopping nation.

To leave there behind them a snug-like place

For the head to drop into, on decapitation.”

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

Moore, however, will not always go moralizing : “the
most French of them all,” he is, Taine says, speaking of the
poets of a century ago in England ; he has some of that art of
being

without hardness sage,

And gay without frivolity.

He is indeed gai more than gay ; and spirituel , amiable ,
bon — the more one thinks, the more the untranslatable French
words fit him. Add franc , too, and loyal.

Poor Miss Fudge had now a great adventure. The incog¬
nito was, she judged, a king ; and he asked her to dance —

“A fine, sallow, sublime, sort of Werter-faced man,

With mnstachios that gave (what we read of so oft)

The dear Corsair expression, half savage, half soft,

As hyaenas in love may be fancied to look, or
A something between Abelard and old Bluclier.”

No king he was. But, then, sure, a colonel. Not so; he,
a linendraper’s assistant. The young woman fainted at the
discovery. What now of their dear sentimental talks k la
Rousseau ; when ‘Colonel Calicot’ quoted this sweet tale of la
Nouvelle Heloise ?

“ Un, jour qu’il gelait tree fort, en ouvrant un paquet qu’elle
m’envoyait, je trouvai un petit jupon de flanelle d’Angleterre, qu’elle me
marquait avoir porte, et dont elle voulait que je me fisse faire un gilet. Ce
soin, plus qu’amical, me parut si tendre, come ( sic ) si elle se fut d6pouill6
pour me v6tir, que dans mon emotion, je baisai vingt fois, en plurant, le
billet et le jupon.”

Or, as Fudge verse has translated it, awaiting punctuation
by Mr. Burchell’s ghost : —

“ 'T was here he received from the fair D’Epinay

. That dear flannel petticoat, pull’d off to form

A waistcoat to keep the enthusiast warm.”

■>

One more literary explosion is in Mr. Fudge’s journal,
addressed to Lord Castlereagh :

“Went to the mad house — saw the man
Who thinks, poor wretch, that, while the Fiend
Of Discord here full riot ran,

He , like the rest, was guillotined ; —

But that when, under Boney’s reign
(A more discreet, though quite as strong one),

MOORES SATIRICAL VERSE .

The heads were all restored again,

He in the scramble got a wrong one.

Accordingly, he still cries out
This strange head fits him most unpleasantly ;

And always runs, poor devil, about,

Inquiring for his own incessantly.

While to his case a tear I dropp’d,

And sauntered home, thought I— ye gods !

How many heads might thus be swopp’d,

And, after all, not make much odds.

******

’T was thus I pondered on, my Lord ;

And even at night, when laid in bed,

I found myself, before I snored,

Thus chopping, swopping, head for head.

At length, I thought, fantastic elf !

How such a change would suit myself.

’Twixt sleep and waking, one by one,

With various pericraniums saddled,

At last I tried your lordship’s on,

And then I grew completely addled —

Forgot all other heads, od rot ’em !

And slept, and dreamt that I was — Bottom !”

As in Rhymes for the Road, as in Lalla Rookh , so here,

the political squibs soon burst out of Moore’s head. He laughs

at the mixed figures of speech, this great briber for the Union,

in Lord Castlereagh, his bete noir — who actually had said :

“And now, sir, I must embark into the feature on which the

question chiefly hinges,” and make him say :

“The throne was turned quite topsy turvy ;

And kingship, tumbled from its seat,

Stood prostrate at the people’s feet.”

Irtsh oratory — Lord Castlereagh too was Irish — abounds
with such startling peculiarities ; Moore notes ; quoting one
brave Councillor who described some hypocritical pretender to
charity : “He put his hand in his breeches pocket like a croco¬
dile ; and - ” Sure this may be showing the wealth that is

in our wit ; if, as Ruskin the Saxon suggested, the whole
Anglo-Irish difficulty grows out of the attempt of a stupid
nation to rule a clever one.

The Fudge Family correspondence does not forget Irelanp
another way ; and Phelim Connor’s letters again speak Moore’s
patriotism, always ready to denounce oppressors, especially
those of his native country.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

But was he justifying his own absence from Ireland — that
Ireland where the very city man who picked up his umbrella
for him on the pier threw his arms round this welcome exile’s
neck, exclaiming, “my sweet fellow ; — when, from an English
home, he guided an exiled Irish Catholic’s pen to declare,

“ ‘Return’ ! no, never, while this withering hand
Of bigot power is on that hapless land ;

While for the faith my fathers held to God,

Even in the fields where free those fathers trod,

I am proscribed.

On all I love — home, parents, friends — I trace
The mournful mark of bondage and disgrace.”

Readers must go to the Family Chronicler’s own prose
letters for more of that same.

But time, the only teacher, transmutes the drossy style of
Miss Fudge ; as, in the golden world of manners, even Celi-
mene looked for the all-potent years to make her as Arsinoe.
The Fudges are in England : —

“Who d’ye think we’ve got here ? quite reform’d, the giddy
Fantastic young thing that once made such a noise —

Why, the famous Miss Fudge — that delectable Biddy
Whom you and I saw once at Paris, when boys,

In the full blaze of bonnets, and ribbons, and airs —

Such a thing as no rainbow hath colours to paint ;

Ere time had reduced her to wrinkles and prayers.

Monstrously busy” — she herself has said it —

“With godly concernments— and worldly ones too ;
Things carnal and spiritual mixed.”

With Miss Gimp she has sweet converse, and

“You can’t think how nicely the caps of tulle lace,
How nicely they look on this poor sinful face.

And I mean, if the Lord in his mercy thinks right,
To wear one at Mrs. Fitzwigram’s to-night.

The silks are quite heavenly, — I’m glad, too, to say,
Gimp herself grows more godly and good every day ;
Hath had sweet experience — yea, ev’n doth begin
To turn from the Gentiles, and put away sin —

And all since her last stock of goods was laid in.

What a blessing one’s milliner, careless of pelf,
Should thus ‘walk in newness,’ as well as one’s self.”

And her footman,

MOORE'S SATIRICAL VERSE .

“At preaching a sermon off-hand, was the aptest .

All heard with delight his reprovings of sin,

But, above all, the cook-maid : — oh, ne’er would she tire —

Though in learning to save sinful souls from the fire
She would oft let the soles she was frying fall in.

(God forgive me for punning on points thus of society !

A sad trick I’ve learned in Bob’s heathen society.”)*

Meantime her niece commenced author. But

“Though an angel should write, still ’t is devils must print ;

And you can’t think what havoc these demons sometimes
Choose to make of one’s sense, and what’s worse, of one’s rhymes.

But a week or two since, in my Ode upon Spring,

Which I meant to have made a most beautiful thing,

Where I talk’d of the ‘dew-drops from freshly-blown roses,’

The nasty things made it ‘from freshly-blown noses.”

Here Moore is hardly crypto-critic of the dangers of his
sentimental self. He, like his Lesbia, hath a beaming eye, —
and a dropping. ’T is when the fit of the latter is coming on,
that, generally, we are called to see his verses. Yet, after
Paradise and the Peri itself, he relates : “And this,” said the
great Chamberlain, “is poetry ! this flowing manufacture of
the brain, which in comparison with the lofty and durable
monuments of genius, is as the gold filagree-work of Zamara

♦That heavy preaching puppet of the Dublin statue is indeed truly not
this lively Moore we are listening to. But even the austere Oxford
preacher, ‘subtle and mournful,’ was himself then writing — well-bred man
of the world as he was — on that day’s fashion of pietism :

“There is a mistaken notion sometimes entertained, that the world is
some particular set of persons, and that to shun the world is to shun
them ; as if we could point out, as it were, with the finger, what is the
world, and thus could easily rid ourselves of one of our great enemies.
Men who are jbeset with this notion are often great lovers of the world,
notwithstanding, while they think themselves at a distance from it alto¬
gether. They love its pleasures and they yield to its principles, yet they
speak strongly against men of the world, and avoid them. They act the
part of superstitious people, who are afraid of seeing evil spirits in what
are considered haunted places, while these spirits are busy at their hearts

instead, and they do not suspect it .

How vain the attempt is (which some make) of separating the world from
the Church. If we look through mankind in order to find out who make up
the world, and who do not, we shall find none who are not exposed to in¬
firmity. So that if to shun the world is to shun some body of men so-
called, we must shun all men, nay, ourselves too — which is a conclusion

which means nothing at all .

Look not about for the world as some vast and gigantic evil far off—
its temptations are close to you, apt and ready, suddenly offered and
subtle in their address. Try to bring down the words of Scripture to com¬
mon life, and to recognize the evil in which this world lies in your own
hearts.” (Newman’s Oxford sermon on ‘The World our Enemy.”)

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

beside the eternal architecture of Egypt.” “The lax and easy
kind of metre in which it was written ought to be denounced,”
“as one of the leading causes of the alarming growth of poetry
in our times.” And the intolerant Fadladeen now talks sense ;
even though we are reminded that he is little versed in beauties
or sublimities of poetry. Still, it is impossible not to think of
‘Oh, the power of a preconceived opinion 1’ when Professor
Herford ( The Age of Wordsworth , p. 203) writes :

“In 1819 Moore paid a memorable visit to Byron at
Venice, composing, as he travelled, his Rhymes on the Road —
dreary efforts of a drawing-room poet to capture the poetry of
Nature. Byron’s famous ‘D — n it, Tom, don’t be poetical !’
pronounced as they stood watching a Venetian sunset, has
merit as criticism.” Did this critic to-day really think of more
than the first ‘Rhyme,’ or perhaps merely its opening? There
is little about the poetry of nature in the other ‘Rhymes.’

And if this is an instance of how carelessly critics lead
their trusting public, it is also an instance of the too ready
judgment on Moore, as altogether the popular society writer of
unreal sentiment in regard to man and to nature.. And this
from a critic who knows, and who has passed other judgments.

In these Rhymes on the Road the subjects are of such pub¬
lic or private human interest as the fall of Venice ; justly
fallen, the satirist declares, denouncing the cruelty and tyranny
of that old Republic.

“Thy Oligarchy’s Book of Gold,

Shut against humble Virtue’s name, .

Thy all-pervading host of spies,

Watching o’er every glance and breath,

Till men look’d in each other’s eyes,

To read their chance of life and death, —

Thy laws, that made a mart of blood,

And legalized the assassin’s knife —

Thy sunless cells beneath the flood .

When I reviewed all this, .

I, .

Smiling o’er the wreck repeat —

‘Thus perish every king and state,

That tread the steps which Venice trod,

Strong, but in fear, and only great
By outrage against man and God !’ ”

MOORES SATIRICAL VERSE

1 1

Then, again, another ‘Extract’ has the public matter of
Rienzi’s conspiracy and insurrection in Rome of the 14th cen¬
tury, the subject of Lytton’s story.

Then, the English tourist is saluted, not (as is seen below)
in a manner befitting that very pink of politeness, “a drawing¬
room poet.” Nor would the Poet of Nature rocognize much
effort here to capture nature or her poetry. The first Rhyme
is the only one which has the familiar Wordsworthian thought,
of the power over feeling and life that there is in recalling
beauty that is gone. Unless we find such in the last Rhyme's
thought that one could be poetical where Rousseau lived, if
only Rousseau had never been there, “brightest — worst —
sublimest — meanest in creation !” Mrs. Malaprop in her most
Puritan mood could hardly find a superstitious article of senti¬
ment in this ‘Extract’ ; though it is patent that the knowledge
of its personages don’t become a young woman :

“About a century since Cor near)

A middle-aged Madame lived here,

With character even worse than most
Such middle-aged Madames can boast.

Her footman was — to gloss it over

With the most gentle term — her lover ;

Nor yet so jealous of the truth
And charms of this impartial fair,

As to deny a pauper youth
(Who joined their snug manage) his share.

And there they lived, this precious three,

With just as little sense or notion
Of what the world calls decency,

As hath the sea-calf in the ocean.”

His own ‘Anacreon,’ the Edinburgh Review thought fit
for the “stews,” while to the translator the original was “sport¬
ive without being wanton, and ardent without being licentious.’
And Tom Little, too, had had a vein of ready flowing verse,
not the satire direct, yet not sentimental ; not moral, Jeffrey
said ; and certainly unmoral :

“Bring me the nymph with floating eye,

Oh ! she will teach me how to die.”

“Thy last fading glance will illumine the way,

And a kiss be our passport to Heaven.”

“Bacchus shall bid my winter bloom,

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

And Venus dance me to the tomb.”

“My inglorious placid soul
Breathes not a wish beyond the bowl.”

These are the loves and deaths of Charles Lamb’s Chinese on
cups, “lawless, azure-tinctured, grotesques,” or of posing sui¬
cide Japs, on screens, before we took them for solid fighters.
And if Anacreon was flighty, Thomas Moore was steady ; and
it was merely Tom Little who to Mrs. Moore, and other
women, said that they

“were only materials for pleasure ;

And reason and thinking were out of your sphere.”

In his own person this happy husband wrote, “Believe
me if all those endearing young charms. . . .were to fade and
wrote more, too, concerning

“Calm-wedded affection, that home-rooted plant,

Which sweetens seclusion, and smiles in the shade ;”

forgetting lame mal nee de Little, and

“Where I love, I must not marry,

Where I marry, cannot love.”

However, if readers find it necessary here to consult
Southey’s contemporary Doctor, of a hostile school, he pre¬
scribes thus : — “Would you know whether the tendency of a
book is good or evil, examine in what state of mind you lay it
down. If it induces you to suspect that what you have been
accustomed to think unlawful may after all be innocent, and
that may be harmless which you have hithertoo been taught to

think dangerous ; . if so, . throw the book into the fire,

whatever name it may bear upon the title page. Throw it in¬
to the fire, young man ! Young lady, away with the whole
set, although it should be the prominent feature in a rosewood
book case !”

But the Rhymes on the Road themselves pull us away from
“ all the mire and strife and vanities” of Rousseau-ish life,
“with high-built genius cursed”: —

“’T is too absurd — ’t is weakness, shame,

This low prostration before Fame —

This casting down beneath the car
Of Idols, whatsoe’er they are,

MOORES SATIRICAL VERSE.

Life’s purest, holiest decencies,
To be career’d o’er as they please.

Strange power of Genius that can throw
O’er all that’s vicious, weak and low,
Such magic lights, such rainbow dyes,
As dazzle even the steadiest eyes.”

And our poet, on ‘My Birthday,’ tells of

“Time .

Lavish’d unwisely, carelessly —

Of counsel mock’d — of talents, made
Haply for high and pure designs,

But oft, like Israel’s incense, laid
Upon unholy, earthly shrines —

Of nursing many a wrong desire —

Of wandering after Love too far,

And taking every meteor fire
That crossed my pathway for his star !

. Could I trace

The imperfect picture o’er again,

How little of the past would stay !

How quickly all should melt away —

All — but that freedom of the mind

Which hath been more than wealth to me :

Those friendships in my boyhood twined,

, And kept till now unchangingly.

And that dear home, that saving ark,

Where Love’s true Light at last I’ve found,

Cheering within when all grows dark,

And comfortless, and stormy round.”

Anyway, to be really master of himself, a man must have
other handles to his mind and his soul than his poets; whether
their’s are the heavenly lays of Truth, or, what is nearer
Truth than much of his sentiment, Thomas Moore’s common
sense, not without wit.

W. F. P. Stockley, Halifax.

A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE CASE OF LOUIS

RIEL.

0 Continued from April number.)

A POSTPONEMENT for a short time was granted. Twenty-
seven witnesses were examined, including several so-
called experts. Some of the evidence brought out at the trial
has already been given ; much is omitted as not being neces¬
sary in this study, but the prosecutor, Mr. B. B. Osier, em¬
ployed all his subtlety and art to bring about conviction, while
the Honourable Mr. Fitzpatrick defended the prisoner with his
well-known ability. Perhaps, as trials go, that of Louis Riel
was as fair as those generally accorded men whose defence is
insanity, but public feeling was far too intense to permit of evi¬
dence for the accused having the slightest weight. The medi¬
cal testimony of Drs. Roy and Clark was unanswerable, logi¬
cal and conclusive regarding Riel’s mental condition, that for
the prosecution simply negative and evasive. Dr. Wallace
merely took the ground that during an examination of half an
hour he had discovered no sign of insanity in the prisoner.
Dr. Jupes stated that he had seen no evidence-of insanity in the
prisoner, but admitted that he had never made an examination
of him in regard to his mental condition. The medical testi¬
mony for the prosecution was valueless, that for the defence
might have been greatly strengthened if time and proper
preparation had been given.

If the political situation had not been so acute, possibly a
dignified and properly qualified commission might have been
appointed to examine the prisoner carefully and at leisure,
although, I must confess, my opinion of Canadian legal
methods, where the question of insanity is involved, are not of
an optimistic character.

Dr. Clark’s notes of his examination of Riel make inter¬
esting reading.

“On July 28th, 1885, the writer made a first visit to Riel
“ in the prison at Regina, Northwest Territory. He was

LOUIS RIEL.

“ found to be a stoutly built man and of splendid physique.
“ He was in good health, about forty-two years of age. He
“ had a swarthy complexion and black eyes of great brilliancy,
“ restless and searching. His movements were nervous,
“ energetic and expressive, as are so characteristic oF the
“ French. This was evidently a normal condition, and not
“ from apprehension as to his fate. He was very talkative,
“ and his egotism made itself manifest, not only in his move-
“ ments, but also in his expressed pleasure in being the central
‘ ‘ figure of a State trial, which was likely to become historic.
“ The writer stated to him that his lawyers were trying to save
“ his life by proving that he had been insane. At this state-
“ ment he got very much excited, and paced up and down his
“ cell like a chained animal until his irons rattled, saying with
“ great vehemence and gesticulation, ‘ My lawyers do wrong
“ ‘to try to prove I am insane. I scorn to put in that plea. I,
“ ‘the leader of my people, the center of a national movement,
“ ‘a priest and prophet, to be proved to be an idiot. As a
“ ‘prophet I know beforehand the jury will acquit me. They
“ ‘will not ignore my rights. I was put in Longue Point and
“ ‘Beauport asylums by my persecutors, and was arrested with-
“ ‘out cause when discharging my duty. The Lord delivered
“ ‘me out of their hands.’

“I questioned him very closely as to his plans in the past,
“ but he did not seem to be communicative on these points.
“ He said he would insist on examining the witnesses himself.
“ He did not feel disposed to allow his lawyers to do it for him,
“if they were determined to try to prove he was insane. During
“ the trial he made several attempts to take the case into his
* < own hands, as in the questioning of witnesses his importance
“ seemed to be ignored by his counsel. I asked him if he
“ thought he could elicit more on his own behalf than men
“ expert in law could. He proudly said : ‘I will show you as
“ ‘the case develops.’ He walked about a good deal as he
“ talked, at the same time putting on his hat and taking it off
“ in a nervous way. His fidgety way, his swagger, his ego-
“ tistic attitudes, his evident delight at such a trying hour in
“ being so conspicuous a personage, impressed me very

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

“ strongly as being so like the insane with delusions of great-
“ ness, whether paretics or not. A hundred and one little
“ things in appearance, movement and conversation, which
“ cannot be described in writing, are matters of every-day ob-
“ servation by asylum medical officers. I may say they are
“ almost intuitions in this respect. Such knowledge as this,
“ which we acquire by every day acquaintance of the insane,
“ would be laughed out of court by the legal profession, who
“ can not discern any valid evidence that does not tally with a
“ metaphysical and obsolete definition.”

“ It was evident to me that Riel was concealing to some
“ extent the inner workings of his mind, and that he had an
“ object in view in hiding his thoughts. I endeavoured to
make him angry by speaking contemptuously of his preten-
“ tions. He only shrugged his shoulders and gave me a smile
“ of pity at my ignorance. I touched upon his selfishness in
“ asking $35,000 from the government, and on receipt of it to
“ cease agitation. He smiled at my charge, and said that the
“ money had been promised to him and was due to him. Had
“ he received it he would have established a newspaper to ad-
“ vocate the rights of his kindred. It would have been a
“ glorious work for him to be able to control a newspaper, and
“ to promulgate in print his mission to the world.

“ Dr. Roy and myself had a second examination of Riel at
“ the Police Barracks on the evening of the 28th of July. He
“ was closely catechized by Dr. Roy in French, and by me in
“ English. The insanity plea was abhorrent to him, and he
“ scorned to take that ground, even to save his life. Friends
“ and foes were convinced of his honesty and candour in his
“ repudiation of this defence. He would rather die as a de-
“ liverer than live as a lunatic.”

I had a third visit alone with Riel, in his cell, on the
29th of July. He was very much excited and paced his nar¬
row enclosure like an enraged tiger would, yet in this mood he
said nothing. I accused him of hiding his motives to his own
hurt, and told him that his friends from Quebec could do
nothing for him because of his obstinacy.

“Suddenly he calmed down and with great self-possession

LOUIS RIEL.

“ said : ‘His legal friends had mistaken his mission. At
“ present he was an important State prisoner, and he was
“ suffering, not only for himself, but also for others.’ He
“ also told me that he wrote a book, which was still in exist-
“ ence. In it he clearly proved that he was a great prophet,
“ and as a prophet he knew beforehand that a verdict would
“ be given in his favour. I closely questioned him as to why
“ he thought so, but his only reply was in putting his hand
“ to his heart and saying pathetically, ‘It is revealed to me.’ I
“ informed him that there was a bitter feeling hostile to him
“ outside, and that so far the evidence was strongly against
“ him and that he would probably be hanged as a felon. He
“ smiled cynically at my ignorance, but the alternative did not
“ seem to affect him. I told him the feeling had not subsided
“ for the murder of Scott in 1870. In reply he said the North-
“ west Council sentenced Scott to death for treason. He was
“ only one of thirteen. He suddenly broke away from this
“ subject and began to pour out a torrent of vigorous language
“ on the head of Dr. Schultz, of Winnipeg, whom he associ-
“ ated in some way with Scott and the rebellion of 1870.
“ Before I left he came back to the fulcrum idea that he was
“ yet to be a great political and religious leader, who would
“ revolutionize the world.

“These were the notes I took at the time. To me they
“ were significant, but as legal evidence they would be con-
“ sidered of little value.”

Riel’s behaviour during and after the trial was perfectly
consistent. When he was told by Mr. Greenshields that a
defence of insanity was being set up, his feeling of indignation
was so great that he would have assaulted his informant if he
had not been restrained, in fact he became furious, regarding
such a defence as an insult of the most annoying character.
He was determined to take a prominent part in his defence,
and in every way possible to discredit those who wished to
prove him insane. Any attempt made to show that he was a
malinger must at once fall to the ground.

Riel acted at all times consistently, but insanely, and just
as his delusions of grandeur called upon him to do. What

1 8

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

more insane productions could we find anywhere than his ad¬
dresses to the jury before and after the verdict, and his delight
at having been proved sane and responsible was evidently
genuine and sincere. It has been said that the concluding
words of his last speech showed a disposition to shift his
ground and a willingness to save his life by availing himself of
the plea of insanity. I think not, although such a contention
is not in the slightest degree inconsistent with marked
alienation.

When one considers the mass of testimony pointing to
Riel’s mental defect, the undoubted history of insanity from
boyhood, with the recurring paroxysms of intense excitement,
he wonders that there could have been the slightest discussion
regarding it. As a matter of fact it became simply a battle
between race, religion and politics, in which the sanity or in¬
sanity of the unfortunate was discussed as something apart from
the real issue at stake. When I read the Hon. Edward Blake’s
speech on the one side, or the Hon. John Thompson’s on the
other, I can discover little but the political issue as the guiding
star of either orator, and as for the press reports — well, they
are written not for the amount of truth they may contain, but
the impression on the voters they may make. Here is a splen¬
did example of the method of the partisan reporter . :

"‘Riel has had another "manifestation’, consisting of en¬
tirely incoherent rubbish. Riel took advantage of the Rev.
Mr. McWilliams’ presence on Friday night to declare his di¬
vine mission. ‘I am’, said the prisoner, "a prophet’ ; I have
been ordained, not as a priest, but as the prophet of the North¬
west, to preach a reformation to you and every minister of the
church, and I will continue to fulfil my mission until I mount
the scaffold.’”

While delivering himself of this little oration he paced his
cell like an infuriated maniac. He thundered his anathemas
on the policy and principles of the nineteenth century churches,
gesticulating almost all the while. When he came to the word
‘scaffold’ he faced his visitors. With the veins of his throb¬
bing temples distending with convulsions, he pointed towards
the scaffold, and fixing his wild, haggard eyes on the Rev. Mr.
McWilliams, he continued: “To that scaffold will I walk

LOUIS RIEL, .

boldly, preaching this mission of church reformation so much
needed throughout the world !”

When the hour for facing death came Riel showed at least
that the incoherent rubbish described by the glib reporter was
anything but rubbish to him, and he did what he said he
should do.

Sir John Thompson had little faith in the insanity of the
man who was willing to be bought for $35,000, and this was
considered an unanswerable argument, a proof positive of
sanity. How little he knew of the insane, and he sympathized
but little with those afflicted with insanity. If the $35,000 had
been paid, my impression is that Riel would simply have ap¬
plied it, as he afterward said he would have done, to the fur¬
therance of his insane mission. That he should have en¬
deavoured to save his skin by escaping from the consequences
of the first rebellion is also brought forward as an argument in
favour of responsibility.

To those of us familiar with the many phases of mental
defect and disease there was nothing extraordinary in that.
Before discussing some of these points from the medical stand¬
point, I must first refer to the report of the special Commission
appointed to examine Riel with regard to his insanity. It was
purely political and a sop to a certain part of the public ; no
matter what its report had been, the result would have been the
same, and there is ample reason to believe that its first report
never reached the public. This Commission consisted of Dr.
Jukes, surgeon to the Mounted Police at Regina ; Dr. Valade,
a chemist ; and Dr. Michael Lavell, surgeon to the Kingston
Penitentiary.

Dr. Jukes admitted, during cross-examination at the trial,
that his knowledge of insanity was nil ; indeed the worst case
of paranoia insanity (a second Messiah) I have ever known was
under Dr. Jukes’ observation for several years without his
suspecting the mental defect.

Dr. Valade could certainly not claim any special qualifi¬
cation for the work selected ; and Dr. Michael Lavell, whose
routine duty brought him in contact with a few insane criminals
in the penitentiary, never professed to believe that insane mur¬
derers should not be punished and hanged.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

We were warm friends and discussed Riel many times,
but could never reach common ground regarding the treatment
of such people. I may modestly admit, though, Dr. Lavell
was invariably willing to be guided by my judgment in such
matters, feeling that his experience with the insane had not
been wide enough to justify him in being too positive, and his
mistaken pronouncement in the Michael Lee case was ever
present in his mind. He thought Riel a fanatic on religious
matters, but a shrewd and crafty schemer, who was quite will¬
ing to play the part of a malingerer, if necessary, to escape the
gallows.

However, it is a matter of interest to examine these re¬
ports : —

The first was from Dr. Jukes’s and reads as follows :
“Louis Riel has been under my special care medically, as sur¬
geon of this force, for upwards of five months — since his ar¬
rival here as a prisoner. During that time I have visited him,
with few exceptions, every day ; have studied him closely and
conversed with him long and frequently. I have personally a
strong aversion to punishment by death. I believe that failing
to establish his insanity his death is near at hand, but, after
careful and continuous examination of him under varying cir¬
cumstances from day to day, I cannot escape the conviction
that, except upon purely religious questions having relation to
what may be called the Divine Mysteries , he was when first en¬
trusted to my care, and still continues to be, perfectly sane and
accountable for his actions. Under these circumstances my
duty, though a painful one, is clear, and my opinion, not
hastily formed, equally so, namely, that Riel’s peculiar views
upon religious subjects, which so strongly impress the ignorant
and unreflecting with an idea of his madness, cannot rightly be
regarded as interfering with, or obscuring in the slightest de¬
gree, his clear perception of duty, or as rendering his judgment
less sound in the affairs of every day life. I therefore record
my opinion that, with the reservation above made, Riel is a
sane, clear-headed and accountable being, and responsible for
his actions before God and man.

“A. Jukes, Senior Surgeon."

LOUIS RIEL .

Dr. Lavell’s report reads : — “I have the honour to report
that having given conscientious consideration to the case of
Louis David Riel, now confined here under sentence of death,
and fully appreciating the trust committed to me and the con¬
sequences involved, I am of the opinion that the said Louis
David Riel, although holding and expressing foolish and pe¬
culiar views as to religion and general government, is an ac¬
countable being and capable of distinguishing right from
wrong.

“M. Lavell, M.D.”

Dr. Valade’s report reads : — “ After having examined
carefully Riel in private conversation with him, and by testi¬
mony of persons who took care of him, I have come to the con¬
clusion that he suffers under a hallucination on politics and re¬
ligious subjects, but on other points I believe him to be quite
sensible and able to distinguish right from wrong.

F. X. Valade, M.D.”

Here are three certificates from men who made no claim to
being specialists in mental disease, and yet all freely admit that
Riel was insane upon religious and political subjects , but able
to distinguish right from wrong. These reports bear the im¬
press of conscientious study, and what do they reveal to the
alienist? Simply the confirmation of all that was affirmed by
Drs. Roy, Clark, and other witnesses. I have heard much
about the people who are insane on one or two subjects only,
but I have never seen them. Disordered mental action mani¬
fests itself in no narrow grooves, although some particular
fixed delusions or hallucinations may be prominently displayed
on most occasions; and it was the promptings of such delusions
and hallucinations which were the mainspring of Riel’s actions.
To the very last moment of his life they governed every
thought. It is nonsense to talk about the ability of fehe insane
to distinguish right from wrong as a test of mental capacity.
The veriest tyro in hospital experience will tell you that nearly
every insane patient who is not in a condition of the deepest
dementia or stupor can furnish you with the most satisfactory
definitions, although when it comes to governing his actions
he will do so simply from the determination of what is right
and wrong from his point of view. Was not that just what

OUEEN'S OUARTERLY.

Riel did? so far as we can judge of any insane man’s point
of view. Possibly we should not attach too much blame to the
Cabinet Ministers who allowed Riel to go to the scaffold in
spite of a recommendation of mercy from the jury and the very
siiggestive certificates of the medical commission, because po¬
litical necessity demanded the sacrifice of one who had certainly
been the cause of bloodshed and turmoil on two occasions, and
whose influence was paramount with the Metis and certain sec¬
tions of the French Canadian public. Of course during the
heat of partisan strife it is almost too much to expect calm
judgments, and in a country as crude as Canada is, when the
subject of responsibility in mental disease is under considera¬
tion, it is not surprising that Riel’s judicial murder was hailed
with satisfaction by a very large proportion of the community.
Those who regretted his death, as a rule, were swayed by sen¬
timents in which the insanity question played a very unimport¬
ant part. While alienists are of the opinion that such a fire¬
brand, as Riel undoubtedly was, should have been kept shut
up from society as long as he lived, they are quite willing to
admit the difficulties in the way of the practical politicians who
showed lamentable unfairness when asked to allow a post
mortem to be held and a proper examination of the brain made.

Sir John Thompson’s speech, defending the execution of
Riel, was a piece of special pleading worthy of a great poli¬
tician, but, as Dr. Ireland says, showing considerable ignor¬
ance of the lore of insanity. One cannot help sympathizing,
too, with Canadians who bitterly resented the rebellions in the
North-West, the loss of life and property and the horror of the
Indian massacres ; still all this must be kept in the background
when making an estimate of the mental soundness of Louis
Riel. To the alienist the case presents nothing strange, and
when one regards the unique social conditions surrounding
this remarkable man, there is nothing more wonderful in the
influence he exerted over the ignorant Metis than that by
which poor insane Joan of Arc accomplished wonders for a
brief period. Riel was simply a case of evolutional insanity,
which would in the modern school no doubt be classed as one
of the paranoic forms of dementia. The first manifestations as
were to be expected were observed when he was at a critical

LOUIS RIEL .

o ^
zo

period of his boyhood, and even then the egotism, which is so
characteristic of the paranoic, was apparent.

The delusions which were prominent in after life during
paroxysms of excitement were already taking shape. His early
associations were of such a nature as to turn his mind to the
wrongs of his people and develop the religious fanaticism so
prominent at all times in his career. Persecution is invariably
the accompaniment of the paranoiac delusion, and nowhere
have I seen such intense cases of this form of insanity develop
as on the lonely prairies of the North-West, and they have all
been of the very same type as Riel. We cannot exclude
heredity and environment in the evolution of such cases. Every¬
thing seemed to conspire to make Riel just what he was.
Among a well educated people his mental defect would, early
in the day, have led to his confinement in an institution, but
among the ignorant Metis, suffering from wrongs they thought
unbearable, Riel, with his education, prophetic aud inspired
pretensions, naturally became a leader. It is remarkable,
though, that some men of education and good parts should
have associated themselves with him in the first rebellion, and
in the hare-brained scheme of establishing a provisional govern¬
ment. Riel’s swash-buckling, autocratic behaviour even then
was certainly inconsistent with common sense, his fantastic
performances with Major Boulton, the cruel murder of Scott,
were strongly suggestive of an unbalanced mind ; and the
pity is that political exigency interfered to prevent this mental
weakling being put under lock and key at that time. Even
then the unsafe character of the man must have been thoroughly
understood, and his mental defect suspected. Those of us
familiar with paranoia do not for one moment think that nine¬
teen months’ residence in Longue Pointe and Beauport in 1876
resulted in a cure, but no doubt there was a favourable remission,
and a lapse into a condition of comparative quiet, such as we
are accustomed to see every day. Take many such people
away from excitement and surroundings which are likely to up¬
set their equilibrium and they get along without trouble, unless
ill-health should again stir up the slumbering fires. If Riel
could have been left quiet in the Jesuit school in Montana the
chances are that he would never again have been heard of, as

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

in the monotony of that hum-drum life there was enough to
keep his mind employed in safe directions, and there was no
incentive to let his delusions and hallucinations carry him and
others to destruction. It was certainly in an evil hour Dumont
and his associates planned their visit to Montana. Even when
Riel returned to the north from Montana he had a certain
amount of self-control, but, as was to be expected, when any
great strain was encountered the mental balance was upset.
What a common experience that is in the every day observa¬
tions of alienists. There are many patients under my care
leading quiet and useful lives, giving little or no trouble to any
one. Turn them out in the world where they are submitted to
mental strain, exposed to conditions where the emotional side
of their natures is stirred up, and in a very few days they are
simply transformed. Sometimes a residence of twenty-four
hours will accomplish the transition from Dr. Jekyl to Mr.
Hyde. Before the Duck Lake fight Riel was a mental weak¬
ling ; after that event a maniacal paranoiac beyond the reach
of human control, useless as a leader, and a menace to the
lives of friends and foes alike. The contention that he was
posing simply to excite his countrymen who believed in
his inspiration to carry on the rebellion is without force. The
successful charlatan is built on very different lines from Louis
Riel ; his mission was no trumped-up affair to him, and his
consistency was the consistency of the insane enthusiast. What
of it if he did resort to trickery, deception and intrigue at times,
surely insanity has not the monopoly of these things.

Lluman nature inside of the walls of an institution for the
insane is strikingly like human nature outside of them, with
perhaps the exception that occasionally we see some phases of
it with the mask thrown off. It is human action based on the
promptings of a mind diseased that we must study in Riel’s
case, difficult as the problem is.

Riel’s divine mission was not without its pathetic side, the
insane prophet struggling to aid his persecuted followers and to
establish a kingdom as chimerical as Utopia. His protest
against the insanity plea was not a piece of acting, but an im¬
passioned appeal against what he considered outrage and insult,
and his behaviour until the last moment of his life was con-

LOUIS RIEL.

sistent, dignified and brave. His speeches at the trial are
interesting chapters in paranoiac literature, and his diary con¬
taining his prophecies and revelations is described by those
who attempted to read it as a jumble of nonsense. Here is a
quotation :

“The Spirit of God said to me ‘ The enemy has gone to
Prince Albert.’ I prayed, saying ‘Deign to make me know
who is that enemy.’ He answered ‘Charlie Larence.’ The
Spirit of God has shown me the place where I should be
wounded, the highest joint of the ring finger, pointing to this
place with his finger. The Spirit has said 'In this place I
think you will be wounded.’ ” I have seen a paper written in
French, which began in these terms : .

“Do you know some one called Charlie Larence. He
wants to drink five gallons in the name of the movement. The
Spirit of God has made us understand that we must bind the
prisoners. I have seen Gabriel Dumont ; he was afflicted,
ashamed ; he did not look at me, he looked at his empty table.
But Gabriel Dumont is blessed, his faith will not totter. He
is fired by the grace of God. His hope and his trust in God
will be justified ; he will come out of the struggle charged with
the booty of his enemies. Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary
will make him again joyful. My ideas are just, well weighed,
well defined ; mourning is not in my thoughts. My ideas are
level with my gun ; my gun is standing. It is the invisible
power of God which keeps my gun erect. Oh, my God, give
me grace to establish the day of your rest, to bring back in
honour the Sabbath day as it was fixed by the Holy Spirit in «
the person of Moses, your servant.”

What alienist of experience could care to assume that a
paranoiac, such as Riel undoubtedly was, could be adjudged
responsible, and if to us his hanging seems like judicial murder,
not to be defended on any ground, we must remember that
there were two factors at work which have done duty many a
time in the history of the world : first, what has been referred
to before, political exigency ; second, absolute ignorance,
shall we say, supplemented by indifference, to the exact mental
status of the unfortunate rebel.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

I have been told time and again by highly educated men
that it is best to hang our insane criminals first and discuss
them afterwards. It is not so long ago that this comfortable
doctrine was applied to the witches, and yet we have outlived
that phase of ignorance, and possibly when our criminal laws
are so amended that we can claim to be abreast of the times, a
calm and dispassionate examination of criminals who may be
insane by men qualified to give competent opinions will be
substituted for these so-called expert battles between rival
lawyers and rival doctors.

C. K. Clarke, M.D.

THE PROBLEM OF JOB.

MUCH has been made by recent writers of the relation
which the Book of Job bears to the life of the Jewish
people. The nation might well see its own struggles and dis¬
appointments, its doubts and fears, reflected in the suffering
and perplexed Job. There can perhaps be no doubt that it was
intended to see itself mirrored there.

But the Book of Job cannot rightly be regarded as simply
a parable for post-exilic Jews. It is more than a page out of
the book of Israel’s life. It is rather a page out of the book of
human life. Because a universal book, all men’s book, it has
its lesson not only for Israel but for all to whom the fact of
seeming injustices in a world, which believers in a personal
God must believe to be a moral world, confronts with perplex¬
ing questions.

The whole atmosphere of the book makes evident its uni¬
versal meaning. The hero is not a Jew. He is a patriarch of
the far-eastern birth-place of the Semitic peoples. His life is
lived remote from the busy scenes of traffic, politics and war.
He is not ignorant of these, but he knows of them afar off, as
one whose knowledge is gathered from the caravans that pass
his dwelling. The world he is intimate with at first hand is
the world of nature. The wide horizons of the desert, the
courses of the stars, the radiant mornings and the still even¬
ings, the simple ways and simpler laws of a time long past, are
the world he knows. It is a free, untrammeled life he leads.
He counts his possessions in flocks and herds. The life of men
is an open book before him. Good and evil in men are easily
discerned. The lines of character are drawn in black and
white. There are no neutral tints. Judgment is administered
in the gate. Few witnesses are called and justice does not
hang fire.

His God is not the God of the Jews. He has no temple,
save the blue vault of heaven. His sacrifices are the simple
offerings of the older time. God speaks to him in the wind — a
Presence passes by him. God speaks to him as he spoke to
the shepherd Amos, out of the myriad voice of nature.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

We conclude that if the author was a Jew, he was a
travelled Jew, a citizen of a wider world than Palestine. If his
genius is to have a parallel among the Old Testament writers,
that parallel is to be found more in the writings of the 2nd
Isaiah and Amos than in others. He may be compared to the
former in culture and breadth of view; to the latter in directness,
in his feeling for nature, in his downright hold on facts. He
has drunk his knowledge deep from many sources, and has
made it all his own. He belongs to humanity, as Shakespeare
and Beethoven belong. In the same sense in which Hamlet
may be called English, and the Moonlight Sonata German,
the book of Job may be called Jewish. “A noble book,” wrote
Carlyle, “all men’s book — oldest choral melody as of the heart
of mankind ; so soft and great ; as the summer midnight, as
the world with its seas and its stars” —

It is this very greatness of the book that renders difficult
the attempt to subject it to any simple and definite analysis.
We must not too easily try to pluck the heart out of Job’s
mystery any more than Hamlet’s. Life is greater than any
problem, and the book of Job is a page out of life’s book. The
variety of conclusions in regard to the aim and lesson of the
book, which represent the painstaking work of a host of
scholars, is ample witness to this fact.

We are not left, however, in entire darkness. Some
things are certain even to the least learned of readers. It is
clear that the problem which vexes the soul of the writer is the
ever-present problem of suffering, and that problem as it pre¬
sents itself to one whose outlook on the world is theistic, one
who believes in an Almighty and Personal God. For the
Buddhist, whose salvation must be worked out for himself with
fear and trembling, for whom expectation of help from above is
useless, since suffering can only cease with the drying up of
the springs of desire, human suffering can present no problem.
For the thorough-going Agnostic or Materialist there can be
no problem. The void cannot intervene to right human
wrongs ; the blind force cannot be expected to have a care for
moral anomalies. But the believer in one Omnipotent God,
like men yet infinitely better than the best men, whose sphere
of operation is all his worlds, and not least this world, must

THE PROBLEM OF JOB.

necessarily find the moral disorders of life a trial for faith.
One would expect such a God to be at least as good and just
as man. One must expect him to be not less just, '‘all-power¬
ful, all good,” proclaims Faith. Then, all good and just as he
is powerful must He be in this world of his making,” answers
Conscience. And when, instead of seeing goodness prosper
and evil thwarted here, one sees goodness suffer and evil pam¬
pered, the problem necessarily arises : How can God be all
powerful and all good as faith proclaims, and yet this world of
his operation be so full of the cries of the martyred saints and
the banqueting of knaves ?

“No stirring of God’s fingers to denote,

He wills that right should have supremacy
On earth, not wrong !”

It is fortunate that in the dimmer light of revelation ac¬
corded him the writer of Job faced this problem in its extremest
form. The matter of second causes did not with him give rise
to metaphysical counter-problems. God acted directly on life.
He sent good ; He sent evil ; He did all things directly. If a
man suffered, let him fear God ; if he prospered, let him be
thankful. The hand of God touched all the springs of earth.
Nor did the probability of a future life carry the question be¬
yond the bounds of the seen and temporal. The grave was
the final act of the drama of life. No man cared to lift the cur¬
tain, fearful of the valley and the shadow beyond. It was here
that God must act; here man must be blessed or cursed accord¬
ing as he had done well or ill. For Job it was a matter almost
of faith’s life or death whether the good man was rewarded here
or was cast aside. And if, as was overwhelmingly borne in on
him, the rewards given to men got twisted in their course to
earth, and suffering proved to be too often the reward of God’s
faithful servant and prosperity not seldom dwelt on the tents of
blasphemers, faith had her great battle to fight and her
agonized petition to make.

The book of Job as it stands in our Bibles is composed of
five parts.

There is a brief Prologue and briefer Epilogue, both writ¬
ten in prose. The Prologue tells in simple language of the
wealth, the happiness and unaffected piety of Job, the greatest

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

of the sons of the east. It tells of the determination arrived at
in the counsels of heaven to put the hero’s piety to a severe
test. It also recounts the several calamities that fell like light¬
ning upon the saint, and of how, childless and stricken, he sits
on the village ash-heap regarded with sorrowful and dignified
wonder by his three friends who have come long distances to
comfort him. The Epilogue concludes the piece with the con¬
ventional happy ending. Job is commended for having spoken
that which is right concerning God, and the friends are rebuked.

Neither the Prologue nor the Epilogue treat of the prob¬
lem, why in God’s world the righteous suffer. It is in the
poetical portion of the book that this problem gets its statement
from the life of Job, while inadequate answers to it, the con¬
ventional answers of the theology of the day are rejected. A
young man by the name of Elihu also contributes an answer,
and the words of the Almighty from the whirlwind bring the
poetical part of the book to a conclusion.

The poem proper begins with Job’s passionate cry for
death and reproachful query as to why life is given to the bitter
in soul. Eliphaz, the eldest and most considerate of his friends,
hastens to administer the consolations of the orthodox church
of the day.

Eliphaz is strong in what Prof. James calls “the sub¬
liminal region.” He has received Divine instruction in a
mysterious communion with a spirit. He bases the truth of
his remarks on this mystic experience. He says a great deal
that is wise and beautiful, and all in the kindliest way, but the
gist of it is this :

“Affliction springeth not out of the dust,

Nor sorrow sprout up from the ground.” —

In other words, affliction comes to man not by any mischance
or accident. It has its cause, and the cause is sin. If a man
suffers the conclusion must inevitably be that he has sinned.

Bildad, the eastern philosopher par excellence , whose
school is the respectable one of the traditions of the elders, and
Zophar, the dogmatist, who makes up in zeal what he lacks in
knowledge, repeat and insist on the same theme. Job suffers,
therefore Job has sinned. Hope for him is in repentance, and

THE PROBLEM OF JOB .

being good preachers, the friends forecast the years to find in
loss a greater gain.

There can be no doubt that the friends’ views represent the
current theory of Providence, a theory that the poet through
the mouth of Job attacks with a passion born of long acquaint¬
ance with his own or his nation’s sufferings.

To the theory of his friends Job opposes the simple fact.
His suffering is too intense, too overwhelming, to be accounted
for in any such way. Besides that, a man knows his own
heart. He alone can judge of the spirit that is in him, and he
is conscious of no disobedience to the law of God, no crime
that could entail such punishment.

So much for the friends. Job’s argument is not with them
but with Another. While they are speaking he is looking far
away into the very secret place of God. It is a little thing that
friends are estranged from him, since God has turned his seem¬
ing enemy. His voice breaks into a shrill and bitter cry as he
turns his irony against the very throne of God.

“Am I a sea or a sea monster
That thou settest a watch over me !”

He takes the words of the 8th Psalm, strangely fulfilled in his
case, and gives them a quite other meaning :

“ What is man that thou should’st magnify him ?

That thou should’st visit him every morning
And try him every evening.”

God visits him too much, that is the trouble.

“Why wilt thou not look away from me,

Nor leave me in peace while there is breath in my throat,
Why hast thou set me up as a butt,

So that I am become a target for thee ?”

Words as full of irony as those which Heine addressed from
his mattress-grave to the great Aristophanes of heaven with his
colossal jokes.

The mood of bitterness gives way to one of bold inquiry.
Job knocks at the door of heaven for an answer, some ray of
light upon his dark, perplexed soul — but the hope seems vain.
So great, so unsearchable is He, that no man can hope to get
things right with him.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

“So he glideth by me and I see him not,

Though I were faultless he would make me crooked,

If I washed myself with snow,

Thou would’st plunge me in the ditch.”

Though he is innocent, and though God knows that, it yet
seems that God is determined to treat him as His enemy. And
what can Job do but submit? How can human reason and
human plaint find the ear of such a God, indifferent as the facts
of life prove him to be to the wrongs and woes of earth.

“His scourge slayeth at unawares good and bad alike,

He scoffeth at the trial of the innocent,

The earth is given into the hands of the wicked.”

God is not irresponsible, but responsible to Himself alone. He
is under no necessity to satisfy human reason and conscience
with his acts. Job’s view of God for the moment is not unlike
that of Omar Khagim, for whom men are

“But helpless pieces of the game he plays
Upon this chequer-board of Nights and Days,

Hither and thither moves, and checks and slays,

And one by one back in the closet lays.”

Yet it is unlike too, since the Parsian was fain to be content,
hoping for nothing better ; but Job’s healthier nature rises in
bitter protest against that which the facts of life proclaim to be
the truth concerning God. He pleads for a word, a sign, “one
bolt from the blue.” He is to plead yet again and then to feel
that such knowledge must be given him.

As he advances further and further in his thought from
God as he had thought to know Him, as one pin after another
that held his early faith is rooted up, there is coming to a
clearer dawning in Job a new faith in a Supreme Friend, an
Over-God, who may yet befriend and clear him. In the 19th
chapter this hope breaks forth into bold assurance.

“But I know that my Avenger liveth,

Though it be at last upon my dust,

My witness will avenge these things,

*And a curse alight upon my enemies.”

It has been customary to find in these words the boldest
expression of the hope of immortality to be found in the Old

*(The translation is that of E. J. Dillon’s “Skeptics of the Old Testa¬
ment.”)

THE PROBLEM OF JOB .

Testament. All scholars admit the obscurity of the language.
It may be that the hope of immortality is not to be found in
them. On this none but Hebrew scholars can pronounce.
But whatever the time or the manner of the avenging, this
much is certain, that Job here plainly rises to the assurance of
God’s ultimate vindication of his innocence.

The light of hope springs up, flickers for a moment, and
dies out, but the gloom is not henceforth so dark for its once
shining. Job’s last word to the Almighty is a still more fear¬
less clearing of his soul. The Old Testament contains nothing
which for ethical strength and beauty is to be compared to this
final declaration of innocence. The inwardness of the Sermon
on the Mount is here. He asks to be judged not for the
weightiest offences of the law, but by the inward motive of the
heart. If his heart has wandered into paths of evil desire, let
him be judged for this. He had not eaten his morsel alone
unless the fatherless had partaken thereof. He had not made
gold his hope, nor had he rejoiced that his wealth was great.
He had not even rejoiced at the ruin of his hater. He had
written no imprecatory Psalms.

Here is Job’s work. This is his character. Let the Al¬
mighty answer him.

“Here is my signature ; let the Almighty answer me
And bear the indictment which my adversary hath written.”

The worst God can say of him is still his praise. He would
hoist it upon his shoulder ; he would weave it as a crown unto
himself ; as a prince he would draw near to God. Now is the
dramatic moment for the Almighty to speak. Instead of that,
a self-conscious young man, Elihu, comes forward and with
many apologies and tiresome verbosity insists on his right to
be heard, and finally reiterates the same doctrines the friends
had spoken, laying, however, some insistence on a point
Eliphaz had first touched, namely, the punitive or disciplinary
character of suffering. Elihu’s speech seems to be an artistic
mistake, since it delays the answer of the Almighty to Job’s
challenge.

At last Jehovah comes to speak for himself. Out of the
whirlwind He comes to address the sufferer.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

The speech of the Almighty is, to say the least, worthy of
the occasion and the book. The strange thing about it is that
it does not answer Job. There is no review of the charges Job
had made ; no attempt to refute them ; no cunningly devised
words addressed to the intellect. This is strange, but it is a
mark of the greatness of the book that such is the case. For
how can the Almighty descend to argument? And how could
an argument such as the author could conceive heal the wound
of the suffering servant ? There are deeps of truth and conso¬
lation that only the ineffable vision grasped by faith can reveal.

It is here Jehovah conducts Job, as he causes the drama of
creation to unroll before his wondering eyes.

"When I laid the foundations of the earth where wast thou ?
Who laid the corner-stone thereof
When the morning stars sang together
And all the sons of God shouted for joy ?

Who shut in the sea with doors. . . .

And set its bars and portals,

And said : ‘Hitherto shalt thou come

And here shall thy proud waves be stayed ?’ ”

Beautifully the vision of power softens into that of Providential
care.

"Who provideth his food for the raven
When her young ones cry unto God ?

It hovereth around nor groweth weary
Seeking food for its nestlings.”

Job is bid deck himself with power and administer the laws of
the universe. Perhaps he would feed the ravens and give the
young lions their food. Perhaps he would give the little
tender desert flowers their drop of dew, he, who is powerless to
control even one of the creatures God has made.

It is the world itself, this living, moving garment of God
that is Job’s answer. And as Coleridge stood awe-struck
before the majestic ice-falls of Mount Blanc, constrained to ask,

"Who made you glorious as the gates of Heaven,

Beneath the keen full moon ?”

and could only answer,

"God, let the torrents like a shout of nations

Answer, and let the ice-plains echo God.”

THE PROBLEM OF JOB .

So Job, though with a humbler and less jubilant faith, found
his answer and such peace as it was given him to feel.

“I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear.

But now mine eyes hath beheld thee ;

Therefore I resign and console myself,

Though in dust and ashes.”

The most difficult task the poem of Job has for us is to
determine what the author conceived to be the answer to the
problem, ‘"Why in God’s world do the righteous suffer.”
Scholars have found the answer in nearly every part of the
book.

The speeches of Elihu, regarded by many as the poor
addition of a later and more prosiac age, have by others been
regarded as the speculative answer to Job’s questionings.

Two considerations render it difficult to give to the Elihu
speeches so distinguished a place. One is, that he really adds
so little to the argument. His view of the meaning of suffer¬
ing is that it is a warning or deterrent from sin, a discipline of
the righteous soul, when the righteous man has begun to enter¬
tain the desire fox evil. It is hard to see how this could be con¬
ceived to be an acceptable answer to the Job who had so clear¬
ly detected the inadequacy of theories not much less unsatisfac¬
tory than this.

The other consideration is the marked difference in the
quality of the diction of the Elihu speeches, the loss of spon-
taniety in expression, the laborious argumentation that is evi¬
dent even to the reader of the English bible. Without enter¬
ing on the question of authorship, one may say that it is hard
to see that the speeches of Elihu are the author’s answer to the
problem.

The Prologue is considered by many to hold the secret of
the book. It is there told that one of the court officials of
heaven, the Satan, is given leave to test the piety of Job. Job’s
suffering are his testing, for whose good the Prologue does not
say.

It is hard to see what answer could be more unsatisfactory.
Does not God know who are His without testing them so

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

cruelly ? What of the poor human beings whose life of poverty
is one long testing from the cradle to the grave? If God is
testing men through suffering why does He not distribute the
testing a little ? The question, at the same time, is not what
we of this twentieth century consider to be the answer, but
what the author considered the answer. Yet the small place
given to this idea of the testing of Job, the fact that it is not
mentioned again throughout the poem nor even in the Epi¬
logue, where Job is commended, not for having stood the test,
but for having spoken what was right concerning God, seem to
preclude this supposition.

The conclusion is that the answer to Job's question is
given in the speech of the Almighty. And the answer is,
that there can be no answer. Man is man, limited, finite,
weak, ignorant ; God’s ways are all beyond his ken. His
heart may protest, but that is because he thinks the Author of
all to be like himself. When he knows more, he throws
aside his poor philosophy and his equally poor protests and
submits in dust and ashes. Not only in this final speech, but
throughout the whole poem, this has been the recurring
thought — men cannot understand the ways of God. Let man
keep silence and find healing in resignation to his lot.

This is indeed the explicit lesson of the book of Job. Yet
it is not the only lesson, nor perhaps even the chief lesson.
When we have laid down the book there is ringing in our ears
above the voice of his resignation the cry of Job for light, for
explanation, for justice. Though he has resigned himself to
ignorance, he still does so in dust and ashes. Though his
voice is stilled, his very posture is a mute demand for right.
His hope of a vindicator has not died for him or us.

And it is this cry of his, this daring hope, that after all
makes the book of Job great among all the books of the world.
It is the assertion of the right of the human heart to light. It
is the expression of the conviction that this is a rational uni¬
verse, that the mysteries of life and suffering and man and God
are not forever hid away in impenetrable darkness, that reason
is at the heart of things, and that reason can grope or beat her
way there. It is the first assertion among the Hebrew people
of the words of Hegel that “the hidden secret of the universe

THE PROBLEM OF JOB.

is powerless to resist the weight of thought,” a conviction that
is implicit in the intellectual activity of our day or any day.

We, who have lived to see at least the beginning of the
realization of this conviction, and who in the light of the Chris¬
tian revelation do not fear that even the most mysterious of
God’s providences can somehow, somewhere, be known to
have their inner meaning of goodness, can look back with
gratitude to this first brave, fearless pioneer, who in a strange
land, where all was dark and where at last the darkness en¬
veloped him again, strove to beat out a new path for the
human heart, to assert the rights of man and the existence of a
rational world.

S. H. Gray.

THE JESUIT RELATIONS.

THEIR VALUE AS HISTORICAL MATERIALS.

EUROPEAN colonial policy, during the course of the seven¬
teenth and eighteenth centuries, presented, as its avowed
basis, a rather strange admixture of religious and commercial
motives. The two appear conjoined not alone in the writings
of the time, but often in the official charters of commercial
companies established for the exploitation of the new continent.
The colonial policy of France rested especially upon this dual
basis, and the colonial authorities of France strove consistently
to keep both motives well in the foreground. “The glory of
God and the commodity of His people” was the goal sought
by the Most Christian King through the extension of French
interests in North America.

To harmonize the claims of religion and commerce, of
priest and trader, was never easy, and more than one governor
of New France wore away his patience and energy in a fruit¬
less effort to reconcile interests which from their very nature
were sometimes impossible of complete reconciliation. This
conflict of interests and purposes is the most striking feature in
the whole history of the old regime ; to understand it is to
possess the key to a proper estimation of French colonial policy
in North America. The two most picturesque figures in New
France were the Jesuit and the coureur-de-bois ; each was the
personification of a mighty interest striving for dominance over
the other in the administration of the colony.

The personification of the religious propaganda in French
America was the Jesuit missionary. Flushed with the spiritual
conquest of Paraguay their advance guard arrived at Quebec
just as the first quarter of the seventeenth century drew to its
close, and before long the outposts of the Church had been
out in all directions. Stalwart “black robes” soon made their
way among the Montagnais to the North, the Iroquois to the
South, the Abenakis to the East, and among the Hurons to the
W est.

THE JESUIT RELA TIONS.

•v

“ Behold him on his way ; his breviary
“ Which from his girdle hangs, his only shield.

“ That well-known habit is his panoply,

“ That Cross the only weapon he will wield ;

“ By day he bears it for his staff afield,

“ By night it is the pillow of his bed.

“ No other lodging these wild woods can yield
“ Than Earth’s hard lap, and rustling overhead
“ A canopy of deep and tangled boughs far spread.”

Once at their posts the missionaries regularly sent down
to Quebec full reports of their progress, statements of their
difficulties, and forecasts of future success, — all interspersed
with interesting descriptions of Indian customs, traditions and
life. Not infrequently the reports included opinions, sugges¬
tions and comments on the conduct of civil affairs, so that the
whole forms a valuable compendium of contemporary informa¬
tion upon various phases of colonial life, both savage and
civilized.

Speaking generally, these reports may be grouped into
two classes ; those which were of a confidential nature and
hence not designed for publication, and those which, on the
other hand, were written for the purpose of interesting the
French people in the work of the missionaries. In the first
class one may include personal letters written by missionaries
to their friends in France, or to the Superior of the Order at
Quebec, or to their brethren at other missions. Although not
intended for the public eye, some of these letters found their
way into a series of little volumes published in France during
the years 1649-1654 under the title ' ‘ Annuae Litterae Societatis
Jesu : Ad Patres et Fratres ejusdem Societatis But the
greater part of them have not been preserved in any form for
the historical student ; a fact which is much to be regretted, for
they must have contained much valuable data which, from its
personal nature, could not be incorporated in the reports in¬
tended for publication. The other class of reports is that which
has come down to us as the Relations. They begin with the
Relation of Briard concerning the Acadian missions in 1616,
and appeared at irregular intervals down to 1626, when they
ceased to appear until 1632. But in this latter year there
began the long series of annual Relations which were published

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

at Paris by Sebastien Cramoisey, and which served in their
time to thrill the hearts of Frenchmen with tales of Jesuit hero¬
ism in the wilds of America.

This “Cramoisey” series, commencing with the Relation
of Le Jeune in 1632, contains forty-one volumes in all, thirty-
nine of which bear the title “Relations" , while two — those of
1654-5 and 1658-9 — are entitled “ Lettres .” With the appear¬
ance of the forty-first volume in 1672 the series abruptly ended,
never to be resumed. This sudden termination, we are told by
one whose study of the matter ought to have enabled him to
speak with authority,* was “probably due to the influence of
Frontenac.” True enough, the fact that Frontenac had just
arrived in the colony, coupled with the fact that he has come to
us as a most uncompromising foe of the Jesuits, might seem to
give ground for this probability. But there are several diffi¬
culties in the way. One of these is the fact that although the
despatches of Frontenac to the home authorities have been pre¬
served,*)* no one has been able to find even a suggestion that
the writings of the Jesuits should be censored. Moreover,
Bishop Laval, the chief prop of Jesuit power in New France,
was at this very time in France receiving distinct marks of the
royal favour. And it must likewise be borne in mind that
Frontenac’s influence at the French court was obtained and
retained largely through his wife, and that it could scarcely
have been sufficient to secure any such drastic action against a
powerful religious order.

With perhaps better reason the historian Faillon declares
that the suppression was due to the influence of Governor
Courcelle, Frontenac’s predecessor in office.^ Faillon cites in
support of his statement a Memoire prepared by M. D’Allet,
the secretary of M. Queylus, who shortly before this had held
the position of Vicar-General, with headquarters at Montreal.
But Queylus was an open enemy of the Jesuits, and the attitude
of the master may have influenced the secretary to regard the

♦Mr. Reuben Gold Thwaites, “The Jesuit Relations and Allie'd Docu¬
ments,” Yol. I, Introduction, p. 4.

fCanadian Archives, Correspondance Otnevale , Vols. Ill and IV.

|Faillon, Histoire de la Colonte francaise, j.p. 290-291.

THE JESUIT RELA TIONS .

cessation of the Relations as a set-back for the Order. At any
rate the despatches of Courcelle in the Correspondance Generate
give no evidence in support of Faillon’s statement, and a care¬
ful investigator has searched the French archives without find¬
ing corroboratory evidence of any kind.*

The real reason for the cessation can, it seems, be found in
the history of the Jesuit Order itself, and not in the annals of
political discord in New France. The Jesuits, Franciscans,
Sulpitians and other orders had their missions in Asia as well
as in America, and in the East as in the West the intercourse
was not always harmonious. Through the various published
reports of the different missionaries the details of these inter-
Order squabbles were reaching the ears of the faithful in
Europe, much to the annoyance of the Papal authorities. Con¬
sequently, it is not surprising to find that, on April 6th, 1673,
Pope Clement X issued a Bull which prohibited any further
publication of what was going on at the outposts of the Church,
unless with the special permission of the Propaganda. j* This
Bull forbade the publication not alone of the Relations of the
Jesuits in North America, but all reports relating to the work
of missionaries of any Order in any part of the world. And
as this decree left the Vatican in April it must have reached the
Provincial of the Jesuits in France in adequate time to stay the
publication of what would have formed the (i Relation of 1673.”

At any rate the Cramoisys ceased in 1672, and from this
time on there appeared only occasional letters published in the
official organs of the Jesuit Order. These very probably had
special license. Reports evidently continued to be made, but
the failure to preserve them in printed form has caused most of
them to be lost forever to the student of colonial history.

*Harrisse, Notes pour servir Vhistoire de la Nouvelle- France, p. 60.

fTlie text of this Bull is as follows : “Nos his aliisque gravibus causis
adducti, de memoratum Cardinalium concilio, auctoritate Apostolica,
tenore presentium iterum prohibemus ne quis cujuscumque status, gradus,
conditionis, etiam Regularis cujusvis ordinis, congregationis, instituti, et
Societatis etiam Jesu, licet is esset, de quo specifica et individua mentio
facienda foret, sine licentia in scriptis Congregationis eoremdem car¬
dinalium, quam in operis initio imprimere teneamur libros et scripta, in
quibus de missionious vel de rebus ad missiones pertinentibus agitur, per
se vel peralium edat.”

(Juris ponlificii de Propaganda fide , Pt. I, p. 417, No. 1.)

Cf. De Rochemontiex, Les Jesuites , (Paris : 1895). Vol. I, p. 47.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

For almost a century after the close of French dominion in
Canada, very little attention was paid to the Relations by those
who undertook to study and to write upon the history of New
France. But during the fifties of the nineteenth century atten¬
tion was called to their value, and at once a spirited search
began to be made for the little duedecimo volumes. In the
course of time some copies of each year’s edition were brought
to light, and soon reprints of various portions began to appear.
All of these reprints were, however, incomplete ; most of them
were in the original Latin or French ; while their limited num¬
ber soon rendered even the reprints difficult of access to the
ordinary student. It is only within the last few years that a
comprehensive republication of all the Relations and allied
documents has been successfully undertaken, thus placing the
enormous mass of data, in English, at our disposal.

These, then, are what the Relations are ; it may be worth
while, now that they have become accessible, to point out some
features which ought to be borne in mind in any attempt to ar¬
rive at a proper estimation of their value as historical materials.
For the danger of over-estimation is by no means slight in a
generation when historical writers feel that they must buttress
their conclusions with evidence drawn from “contemporaries”,
and too often forget that the “sources”, if used without careful
discrimination may serve only to mislead. In general, the
value of “contemporary” writings will depend upon the charac¬
ter and trustworthiness of the writers ; their attitude towards
the conditions they describe ; the circumstances under which
they write, and the purpose which the writings are intended to
serve.

Now the Relations were the work of men whose character
and trustworthiness were, in general, beyond reproach. The
writings, it is true, contain some absolute mis-statements of
fact,* but these must be regarded as due to an excessive zeal in
recording the triumphs of the Cross rather than as wilful de¬
parture from the paths of truth. It may be noted, at the same

*Mr. Benjamin Suite has estimated that the Relations mentions a total
of oyer sixty thousand conversions among the Hurons, although this tribe,
at the zenith of its power, could not have comprised, at the highest esti¬
mate, more than ten thousand persons of all sexes and ages. — Suite,
Reponse aux Critiques (1883).

THE JESUIT RELA TIONS.

time, that the garb of a religious order is not of itself a guaran¬
tee of a chronicler’s truthfulness. If proof of this be desired it
may be found in the well-known case of Hennepin, who, al¬
though he wore the frock and cowl of St. Francis, has been
deservedly pilloried by Kingsford as “one of the most shame¬
less liars to be met with in literature.”*

But, admitting freely the high character of the Jesuit
chroniclers, one is still forced to examine the circumstances
under which the Relations were written and published ; their
object, and, finally, the attitude of the writers towards the men
and measures of their time. The Relations were, as is well-
known, written under the greatest difficulties. “Jotted down
hastily,” writes Le Jeune, “now in one place, now in another;
sometimes on water, sometimes on land.”j* Suffocated by
smoke within the narrow confines of an Indian hovel, or more
often out in the depths of the forest by the light of the moon
and stars, the missionaries sought to record the doings of the
day. It is little wonder, then, that many of the narratives are
incoherent; that repetitions are frequent, and that there is often
a lack of arrangement or even of sequence in the presentation
of events.

Again, it is well to remember that the Relations were
written consciously. They were prepared by the writers know¬
ing that they were to be published, and they were published
primarily with the object of securing moral and financial sup¬
port for the North American missions from the people of
France. The opinion expressed by Kingsford that “no news¬
paper correspondent ever made greater efforts favourably to
represent the cause he was advertising”, J seems to do the mis¬
sionaries a gross and gratuitous injustice ; at the same time the
knowledge of the end which the writings were to serve cannot
have been without its effect on the Jesuit’s mind and, hence,
without influence on his work.

What is even more pertinent in this regard, the Relations
were consciously edited and re-edited before they reached the

"Kingsford, History of Canada, I, 376, note.
fLe Jeune, Relation of, 1636.

| Kingsford, op. et loc. cit.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

press. It was the custom of the missionaries to forward their
reports to the Superior of the Jesuits at Quebec whenever a
favourable opportunity afforded itself; in some cases they came
down with the fur flotillas and made oral report. In the former
case the Superior revised the written report forwarded to him ;
in the latter he composed a report from the oral narration given
him. Then, having placed all the reports of the year in proper
form, he despatched the whole dossier to the Provincial of the
Order in France. This official, after a further “careful scrutiny
and re-editing”, gave them to Cramoisy for publication.* How
much was added, altered or omitted during this double process
of scrutiny and revision we have no means of knowing. It
may not be unfair to conjecture, however, that the well-known
teachings of the school of Loyola were not without some
influence upon the editorial ethics. At any rate, we have the
avowal of one of these revising Superiors that he did not at¬
tempt to send home a relation of all that went on in the colony,
but only of “that which touches the good of the Faith and Re¬
ligion.”*!* “The Relations" , wrote Pere Claude Boucher to
Pere Bagot in 1633, “should not be read with the idea that
they tell everything, but only that which is edifying. ”j

Nevertheless the Relations do contain much more than a
mere narration of religious life and progress, and much con¬
cerning the civil administration of the colony which is far from
edifying. And it is just for this reason that caution in their
use is necessary. For it is well-known that the Jesuits were,
during the greater part of the French regime, in antagonism
towards the civil authorities on many important points of po¬
litical, social and economic policy. The Jesuits consistently
opposed, for one thing, the system of carrying on the fur trade
through the media of posts on the upper lakes for the reason
that these too often served as centers for the distribution of
brandy among the western redskins. To the civil authorities
both the posts and the liquor were essential to the control of the
trade ; for if the French did not supply the savage with eaa-de-

*Thwaites, op. cit. Introduction.

|Le Jeune, Halation of 1638.
JRochemontiex, Les Jesuites, I, p. 16.

THE JESUIT RELATIONS .

vie, the English from Albany would readily seize the oppor¬
tunity so to do. Again, the missionaries opposed with equal
vigour the system of forest trade carried on by the coureurs-de-
bois , for the reason that the conduct of these latter was not
usually in consonance with those principles of sobriety and
chastity which the Jesuits emphasized in their work among the
savages. At times the influence of the Church prevailed and
civil ordinances framed in accordance with their desires were
issued. But in the long run the western posts, the liquor
trade and the coiirears-de-bois remained. In vain Bishop Laval
endeavoured to convince the home authorities that the con¬
tinuance of the whole system meant the ruin of the Church in
New France. The practical bent of Colbert’s mind led him
only to suggest, however, that the Ancient Church had not
been ruined by trade and liquor in European lands.

Now in view of this bitter opposition to several important
features of civil policy in New France as well to the authorities
who lent support to the policy, it is not unreasonable to believe
that the Jesuits were often over-zealous in their denunciation of
those who controlled the political and economic administration
of the colony, especially in the western wilderness. Of the on¬
goings at some of the western trading posts and of the conduct
of men like Lamotte-Cadillac, Tonti, Du Luth, La Foret and
others we know very little save what may be gleaned from the
Jesuit Relations, Lettres and Journals. And in these we find
little that is to the credit either of the posts or of the men.
Cadillac post at Detroit was, according to Jesuit testimony, a
drinking-dive and brothel of the most degraded type. One of
the missionaries who was most vehement in his denunciation
of existing conditions suggests with blunt frankness that “dis¬
creet and virtuous persons should be chosen to take charge of
all the trade in the western country, and that these persons
should be in constant sympathy with the Jesuits.”* It is quite
within the bounds of possibility that a desire to share in the
lucrative profits of the fur traffic may have partly underlain the
Jesuit attitude. Parkman has adduced conclusive proof, drawn
from the writings of the missionaries themselves, that the

*Carheilci Champigny , (Aug. 30th, 1702.)

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

Jesuits did not disdain to take a hand in the trade when, the
opportunity presented itself.*

The western trader, on the other hand, was not a chron¬
icler ; most of these picturesque figures have left us no record
of their doings and opinions. But if we attach any importance
to the despatches of their friends in high places, the coureur-de-
bois might readily have met the Jesuit accusations with no
dearth of counter-charges. Frontenac did not hesitate, in his
despatches to the French Minister, to brand the missionaries as
a curse on the colony. “They will not even civilize the In¬
dians,” he wrote, “but keep them in perpetual wardship, think¬
ing more of peltry than of souls; their missions are hollow
mockeries. La Salle and others go out of their way to pro¬
test against the methods and general attitude of the priests.

It is indeed well that the anti-clerical side of the case has,
to some extent, come down to us in the preserved despatches,
reports and memoirs of the higher civil officials of the colony.
Thanks to the enterprise of the Canadian Archives Branch and
to the generosity of the Dominion government, these are being
transcribed and will soon be at the disposal of the historical
student. It is sincerely to be hoped that, before many years
have passed, the more important portions of the Correspondance
Generate will be rendered as accessible as the ecclesiastical
writings.

To minimize in any way the religious or literary achieve¬
ments of the Jesuit missionaries is farthest from my desire or
thought. But in these days, when some writers show a dispo¬
sition implicitly to accept any statement either of reputed fact
or opinion which the pages of the Relations contain, to sound a
caveat lector may not be useless. For, as a discriminating
student of the sources has warned us, “the danger of mistaking
a partisan or biassed work for gospel is both fatal and frequent. ”§
The seeker for the truth will do very well to remember the cir¬
cumstances under which the Relations were written ; the pur-

*01d Regime in Canada, p. 377, Correspondence Generate, Vol. IV.
t Frontenac a Ministre , (Nov. 14th, 1674).

JLa Salle, Memoire de 1678.

§Colby, Selections from the Sources, p. 24. ,

THE JESUIT RELATIONS.

pose for which they were written and published ; the fact that
they were twice scrutinized and edited before publication ; and,
finally, that both writers and editors were uncompromisingly
hostile to the civil policy and to the policy of the other religious
orders in the colony.

On all matters relating to savage life, customs, language
and traditions the student will not probably go grievously astray
in accepting the evidence of the Relations without reserve. It
is no doubt true that a propensity to sharpen the contrast be¬
tween the traits of savage and civilized life, and a tendency to
read into savage customs philosophical explanations which
they will not bear, — tendencies which have marked the writings
of most civilized portrayers of savage life ever since the time
of Caesar and Tacitus — may not have been absent in the case
of the Jesuits. But as regards many more important matters,
as, for example, the nature and extent of the western trade, the
character and conduct of the traders and their services both in
extending French influence and in controlling this trade, the
real nature and basis of French civil diplomacy in relation to
the Indians, the extent to which the liquor traffic really injured
the redskins, the value of the work accomplished by the other
religious Orders ; on all these and many similar matters of
importance the uncorroborated testimony of The Relations
ought to be received only with due reserve.

If the student must thresh out this “storehouse of con¬
temporary information”, let him take heed to winnow well, lest
he have much chaff among his wheat. The truth will be had,
if at all, only through a judicious sifting of both civil and
ecclesiastical materials.

W. Bennett Munro.

Harvard University.

THE CHURCH AND THE MAN.

THE PROBLEM.

THAT the church is losing the man from both pulpit and
pew is a well recognized fact, that the loss is fatal to the
church is self-evident. The man is the stay of the church, the
lack of the man means the lack of spiritual vitality, and though
without him there may be all the form and method of progress,
the church militant is doomed to failure if it cannot retain the
man. The church is rich in lands, in gold, in churches, in
women, in forms, in organization, but she is by no means rich
in men. The decline of the man’s interest in the church is
general at the present time throughout Christendom and
Canada shares in this decline, though perhaps in a less degree
than some other countries where there seems to be almost a
divorce between the man and the church. But even in Canada
the tendency of the man to ignore the church is a marked
feature of our religious life, and I wish from the standpoint of
a layman to suggest what I believe to be the cause of this
condition.

THE CLERICAL VIEW.

There has been no lack of expression of opinion as to the
cause from the clerical point of view, and though there has been
anything but unanimity in these opinions, they have had this
in common, that the fault lay with the man and not with the
church. Naturally the clerical view predicates that the church
is a divine institution, and that when the man does not fit him¬
self as a living stone into the building, the man is blamable ;
from this point of view the reason which is most frequently as¬
signed for the lack of men in both pulpit and pew is that the
commercialism of the age and the desire for pleasure have
drawn men’s attention away from spiritual things to material
considerations. I do not think that this is an adequate concep¬
tion of the difficulty, it is based on the view that the church is
something apart from the life of man, a sort of spiritual ex¬
tinguisher to be fitted upon him to put out the material flame

THE CHURCH AND THE MAN.

that threatens to burn ever higher. If man is made for the
church, and not the church for man, this may be a satisfactory
solution of the problem, but if the church is made for man
then it surely follows that the church must change to meet the
changed conditions of man rather than that man must bend
himself to the iron frame of the church.

THE LAY VIEW.

During the last forty years there has been little or no
change in the church in Canada, while the life of man ma¬
terially, politically, intellectually and spiritually has been vastly
changed, almost revolutionized. If this is the fact, and surely
it cannot be gainsaid, then is there any room for wonder that
the church which attracted the man of the early sixties fails to
attract the man of the twentieth century ? A generation is a
short time in the life of a people, but the passing generation
has seen greater transformations than have ordinarily taken
place in many centuries. The church has stood still, the
people have advanced, there is a divergence, it is constantly
growing and will continue to grow. The remedy is a very
simple one, simple in theory, the church must meet the changed
conditions.

The defection of man is largely from the Protestant
churches, those churches in which there is the largest measure
of liberty, in which the appeal to reason is the strongest, in
which there has been some degree of recognition of the changed
conditions of modern life. It may well be asked how, if the
defection is greatest in the churches which have in some
measure sought to meet the new conditions of life, a further
advance on the same lines would overcome the tendency rather
than intensify it. The answer is found in a consideration of
the historic relations of the churches to the people.

THE HISTORIC CHURCHES — IN THEORY.

Men are divided by bent of mind, aided by training and
environment into two great relative divisions, those who rever¬
ence authority, prerogative, dogma, tradition, whom in the re¬
ligious sphere we may denominate traditionalists, and those
who reverence individualism, reason, liberty, progress, whom

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

we may term progressives. This division does not obtain
simply in religious matters, but in all the relations of life ; in
art we find the realists and the idealists ; in politics we have
the autocrat and the democrat ; in philosophy the materialist
stands over against the idealist ; in social life the patrician is
in contrast with the plebeian. These divisions are not abso¬
lute but relative, and there are cross-divisions ; it may happen
that the traditionalist in religion is an idealist in art and a
democrat in civil and social life, but as it rarely does happen, the
exception goes to prove the rule. Man is more conservative in
matters of religion than in any other of his relations, and it is
not surprising that the Christian church, which was for many
centuries an oligarchy, should have withstood the rising tide
of democracy more effectually than any other institution.
The divine right of kings was the watchword of an age long
gone by ; the divine right of the church is still a shibboleth
with a large part of the Christian world.

Down to the Reformation the Roman Catholic Church was
supreme, few questioned her divine right, and they at their
peril; freedom of thought and liberty of worship were forbidden
fruits on the tree of knowledge, and though many longed for
them few reached after them. But the terrible upheaval which
we call the Reformation turned the minds of men to the con¬
sideration of the right of private judgment, and the doctrine of
individual freedom of opinion sprang into prominence at a
bound. This was the broad principle on which took place the
cleavage of the Reformed churches from the Roman Catholic
Church. The rock on which the latter was founded was
the authority of the church over the conscience of the indi¬
vidual, the former were based on the freedom of the individual
conscience; in the latter the word of mother church was the in¬
terpretation to the individual of the will of God, in the former
the soul of the individual lay bare before his maker, and neither
priest nor church should come between these two. The one
was the incarnation of authority, the other of liberty. Thus
there were brought to the two great relative divisions of men,
the disciples of authority and the votaries of liberty, the two
forms, at least in theory, of religious organization which ap¬
pealed to their bent of mind. For over three centuries men

THE CHURCH AND THE MAN.

have availed themselves of the opportunity thus open to them
of enlisting themselves under the banner of authority or the
flag of freedom, and though heredity, education, home train¬
ing and environment have been restraining influences in keep¬
ing men in the church of their fathers, not a few have availed
themselves of the glorious privilege of choice thus afforded,
that of determining by which religious road, the way of au¬
thority or the way of liberty, they could best travel towards
God. So well fitted are these two types of churches to enable
the two great relative classes to work out their ideals that he
would be rash indeed who would declare to-day that the world
would be the better of having only one of them.

I do not mean to convey the impression that there is a
broad line of neutral ground on each side of which all churches
may be classed, the division of the churches like that of indi¬
viduals is only relative, while a few churches attempt to har¬
monize both ideals with small success. A hybrid is seldom
fruitful.

THE HISTORIC CHURCHES — IN PRACTICE.

Now, as I have stated, the tendency of the man to ignore
the church, which has characterized the last forty years, has
not been so marked in the Roman Catholic Church as in the
Protestant churches ; while that church has been affected by
the prevailing tendency it has retained the man in its fold to a
larger degree than the Reformed churches. It attracts to it the
votaries of authority and form, and these find in it what they
seek, its claim of authority is absolute and it makes good its
claim, its traditional forms are beautiful. Its authority and
formalism induce obedience and passivity, while they repress
that strong individualism and intellectual activity which are
engendered by the constant appeal to the reason and the judg¬
ment in the Reformed churches.

But the votary of liberty, reason and progress, on the
contrary, does not find in the Reformed churches the reality
corresponding to these ideals. The clergy rule the Reformed
churches as effectually as the priests do the Roman Catholic
Church, though not by the same direct methods, the appeal to
reason by the individual layman or clergyman is immediately
met by the organized forces of the church and progress is

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

barred and hedged about by restrictions at every turn. There
are only two possible sources of authority, God the ultimate
source and the people the mediate source, the authority of the
Reformed churches is not assumed to be derived from either
source.

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CHURCHES IS CLERICAL — LIBERTY

IS TABOO.

The Reformation was founded on the theory of individual
freedom, but the theory was never consistently carried into
practice in the Reformed churches. At the Reformation the
control of the churches passed to the civil power, the magistrate
was regarded as the minister of God, uniformity and con¬
formity were demanded, the maxim “Cujus regio, ejus religio”
succinctly expressed the status of the church. This was suc¬
ceeded by the era of clerical government ; the clergy drew to
themselves the control which they denied to the priest and the
king, and the satirist summarized the new order

“New Presbyter is but old Priest writ large.”

Though centuries have passed the government of the Re¬
formed churches still remains in the clergy. The control of the
churches is exercised by a limited number of delegated clergy¬
men and laymen assembled in meetings called by various
names, Assemblies, Conferences, Synods, Councils, Unions,
but these meetings are ordinarily composed of the clergy and
of laymen with clerical sympathies. There is in some of the
churches a semblance of lay control, but there is no church, in
which there is a strong governing body, which is not under
clerical control. No denomination is organized on a thoroughly
democratic basis. It has been asserted that there is no demo¬
cratic basis on which a church can be established that will
give the control of the church into the hands of the laity if
women are given a voice in the government of the church pro¬
portionate to their numbers as they are in a majority in the
churches, and they ordinarily side with the clergy as against
the laymen. I doubt the truth of the assertion, it had a
measure of truth in the past, but the women of to-day with a
broader education and an increased interest in public affairs
are not the same women who in the past bowed so readily to

THE CHURCH AND THE MAN .

clerical vestments ; but it cannot be denied that womankind
has contributed largely to maintaining the predominating in¬
fluence of the clergy in the church.

The last forty years have brought us the full tide of demo¬
cratic sway in civic, educational, social and commercial affairs,
and it is difficult for the self-assertive democrat of Saturday,
who shares in the control of the great affairs of the world civil
and moral to resign himself meekly on Sunday to a form of
government in the religious sphere in which piety, morality,
character or initiative count for nothing, and position
and tradition count for everything. The more forceful the
character, the heavier does the badge of lay inferiority rest upon
him. The man of to-day has a free field in which to exercise
his civil rights, he has a voice in the government of his country,
and he may if he has the ability, sit in her councils, he may
freely exercise his aesthetic faculties and aid in directing a
school of art, he may show his interest in education by sharing
in the control of the schools, he may manifest his charity by
assisting in the conduct of charitable institutions, he may evi¬
dence his religion by ruling in matters of piety and love out¬
side the church, for in all these the way is open to all men to
employ themselves as they are given ability, but the govern¬
ment of the church is reserved to a distinct class, and the lay¬
man is a mere cipher which can only count by having a clerical
figure placed before it. True, he is expected to furnish the
sinews of war, and in a very limited sphere he may exercise
himself somewhat, but in the general councils of his church he
is but a lay figure. The man goes to the modern lodge-room
and finds there a democratic spirit which attracts him, and the
lodge-room is doing its share in detracting from the influence
of the church. If the control of the fraternal orders was
handed over to the chaplains of the lodges, how long would
these continue to attract the men ? Wherever there is organ¬
ized labor there is a certain amount of antagonism to the
church, or, rather, let us say, to the clerical control of the
church. A clergyman was bemoaning to me the fact that the
laboring classes kept aloof from his church. I suggested to
him that if his church adopted the republican form of govern¬
ment he could get all the labor men in it he desired. His

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

answer was that he did not wish to have the labor element
running his church, and that answer covers the whole question.
Less than twelve men actually control the Presbyterian Church
in Canada, and there is no power on earth except death that
can remove their control, and when they die there will be new
men to take their places, and yet some people talk of the demo¬
cratic constitution of the Presbyterian Church. The question
of the union of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational
churches is a live one to-day, union or no union rests with the
clergy, they will decide the question, the laity will be united or
kept separate as the clergy decide, and the constitution of the
united church, if there be one, will be so arranged that the
church will be, in fact, in the hands of the clergy. That the
laity of these churches favor union on general business prin¬
ciples, instead of denominational rivalry, goes without saying,
indeed the laity are one in these churches already, but that goes
for nothing until the clergy get ready to unite the churches.
The opinion of the laity will count for something, but they will
not control any of the church councils by which the matter will
be decided. The tendency will be for men to become more and
more out of touch with the churches in which the government
is in the hands of the clergy.

THE CREED OF THE CHURCHES IS ECCLESIASTICAL — REASON

IS TABOO.

Small as the part is which the layman has in the organic
government of the church, it is greater than in the share he has
in formulating or controlling the creed of the church. If he
has small scope for the exercise of liberty he has less scope for
the exercise of reason. Suffice it to say that the creed of every
church is the handiwork of its clergy, that the clergy are much
more attached to tradition and prerogative than the laity, that
the people have travelled far from the creeds and are largely
out of touch with the preaching of the day. So conservative
are the clergy as a class that their subscription to the creed of
the churches is now merely formal, they have travelled so much
faster as individuals than they have as a body ; as for the
people of the Reformed churches the day has gone forever when
it is necessary or possible for those in the same church to sub-

THE CHURCH AND THE MAN .

scribe to the same intellectual beliefs. The day of strident
creed and imperious dogma is gone. The great mass of the
younger men do not believe in a twentv-four-hour creation day,
in the eating of the literal apple, in a God with human passions,
in the walled-up water, in the habitable whale, in the lurid
flames of hell, in the vicarious punishment of Christ, in the
subordination of woman, in the inerrancy of Scripture ; the
clergy are preaching round these and kindred subjects, steering
carefully between the traditional teaching of the church and the
reason of the man in the pew. This cuts both ways, it keeps
the thoroughly sincere man out of the pulpit and drives the in¬
telligent man from the pew. The creeds of the past are fading
away, the clergy will not frame new ones because these would
have to be so broad that they would be a mere enunciation of
the principles of the New Testament. The people would formu¬
late the broader creed, but they have no authority in the exist¬
ing church to do so. The result is that the only way of ex¬
pressing belief is by the roundabout way of negation of the
present creeds.

The clergy of the Reformed churches cannot formulate the
creed and control the organization and at the same time retain
the thinking men in the church, but though the exercise of
reason and the desire for liberty have tended to detach men
from the church, much more has the spirit of progress driven
them forth.

THE CHURCHES ARE TORPESCENT — PROGRESS IS TABOO.

A generation ago the man who did not believe in the letter
of the scriptures, who did not attend on the services of the
church, or regard the sanctity of the Sabbath, was opprobriously
called an infidel ; to-day the man who neither believes in verbal
inspiration, nor goes to church, nor keeps Sunday as a sacred
day, may be considered by the community in which he dwells
as consistent a follower of Jesus Christ as the man who does all
three. Infidelity has practically died out of the land, there is
no school of thought antagonistic to Christianity, the true re¬
ligion that visits the fatherless and the widow and keeps itself
unspotted from the world has largely increased, never has there
been so much reverence for God and His revealed will, the

QUEENS QUARTERLY.

Bible is read and studied more and more, the morals of the
people are improvin g ; iy> ng, theft, unchastity, dishonesty and
crime generally are reprobated and punished, and it is every¬
where recognized that there is no salvation for democracy ex¬
cept in its being a Christian democracy ; notwithstanding all
this the church is losing its grip. The schoolmaster has been
abroad in the land during these forty years, higher education
has become common property, the scientific method has come
into vogue, evolution has been evolved, men are doing their
own thinking to a greater degree than ever before, but the
people, especially those who have benefitted by this intellectual
activity, hold aloof from the church. Concurrently with the
spread of democratic institutions, the improvement in morals,
the diffusion of popular education and the increase of higher
education, have come disbeliefs in the standards of the church,
dissatisfaction with her government, and disregard of her ser¬
vices. The people are appealing from the clergy to Christ, and
from the church to the Bible. Preaching continues in the old
dogmatic fashion, the occupant of the pulpit twice a Sunday
sets forth his opinion in terms of positive truth in the name of
God, but too often he does not carry conviction to the pew.
The prayer meeting and the class meeting are dying out,
especially among the educated. The people are eager for
teaching, but they do not get it ; there are few of the clergy
who discuss with their people the live religious questions of the
day. Sacerdotalism is the vogue, the clergyman officiates, he
does not teach, he does not calls himself a priest, but he seeks
to be one. He approaches religious questions from the cleri¬
cal point of view, while the people look at them from the op¬
posing standpoint. Take, by way of example, the sanctity of
the Sabbath ; the average Canadian is heartily in sympathy
with the maintenance of Sunday as a civic day of rest and by
legal enactment if necessary ; but the clergy insist on some¬
thing more than a Sunday law, they want the law to recognize
and be based on the sanctity of the Sabbath. The people
rather resent the efforts of the clergy to bring the arm of the
law to aid in advancing their own peculiar ecclesiastical ideas.
It seems now that we must destroy the Sabbath as a sacred day
before we can get Sunday definitely fixed as a day of rest.

THE CHURCH AND THE MAN.

Some laymen desire Sunday as a day of pleasure, others as a
day of rest, still others as a day of joyful communing with their
Lord and Master, but Sabbatarianism is really dead among the
laity. The people are breaking down the division between
sacred and secular, the clergy are keeping it up.

The printing press is the friend of the people, the best
thought of the age is common property and may be had almost
for the reading. The magazines with their immense circulation
are furnishing much matter that competes with the pulpit, the
writings of men like F. W. Robertson, Henry Drummond and
Ian McLaren have such a breadth of view that it is a question
if, by contrast, they do not detract from the teachings of the
orthodox clergy ; the result of the higher criticism has been to
lessen the influence of all preaching that ignores it. The de¬
nominational press, on the other hand, is altogether an echo of
the pulpit, it does not recognize lay opinions in any way,
there is no journal in Canada that professes to voice
the religious opinions of the laity of the church, there
is no Canadian publication (if we accept world wide) that
discusses the vital questions of religious life as they exist
among the people. But the questions are discussed and
the magazines that discuss them are read in the home, in the
reading room, in the railway carriage, and even at the hotel
table you will find the traveller reading ‘The Literary Digest/
‘The New York Outlook,’ and similar publications that inter¬
pret to the common people the labored thought of the greatest
minds.

THE REMEDY — A CHURCH OF THE PEOPLE.

When incidentals are discarded and onty essentials are taken
into account there will be but two great churches, there must
be two, England cannot remain overwhelmingly Protestant
nor France Roman Catholic, the difference in men is not merely
national or racial, but fundamental, and the churches must in
the end correspond to this fundamental difference. There is a
church of authority, the Roman Catholic Church, it is true to
its ideal, it is the church of the traditionalist, and in it he may
well rest at ease, it does his thinking, it makes a smooth
straight path in which if he is content he may walk in peace.
But for the other great division of mankind, those who must

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

think, who will be free, who cannot rest content under the spell
of any other man, for these there is no church, they may find
the form of liberty, the semblance of reason, the figment of
progress, but the reality is not. The church of the people will
come, it must come, and the great principles of its charter will
be (i) unity based on a person not on a creed, (2) liberty of
thought, (3) government by the people, and (4) a teaching
order. In this church the man will be found, it will not be
possible to keep him out of it, he will be the church.

Within the Roman Catholic Church the leaven of the
Reformation was working and in the Reformed churches it is
working, that leaven which will raise up a church of the people,
and this leaven is working not among the laity alone but also
among the clergy. While the pulpit is largely out of touch with
the progress of the world during the last generation, it should
not be overlooked that individual clergymen are in the van of
progress. These are applying to the hearts of men, the truths
which the men of science have supplied to their minds, and
much of the literature which is giving voice to the aspirations
of the people and moulding the thought of the younger men is
the product of these clergymen. In both pulpit and pew are
those who are ready to be led forth as soon as a new Luther
arises to lead them, and there never yet has been needed a
leader of the people that He who is the great leader did not find
some one to fill the need.

A. McLeod.

THE CANADIAN CONSTITUTION AND THE

SCHOOL QUESTION.

INow that the political temperature has fallen, and both
• Liberals and Conservatives are satisfied with the result
in North Oxford, it ought not to be so difficult as it was to dis¬
cuss the school question calmly. In the last number of the
Quarterly Professor Cappon expressed the view that there
was in the constitution of Canada a principle of sectarianism
which should be limited as far as possible, and that Sir Wilfred
Laurier in the Autonomy Bill was taking not only the uncon¬
stitutional but the wrong course by extending it. Another
view of the question is, I think, allowable. It may be argued
that the formal recognition by the Dominion Government of
Protestant and Catholic in the schools of the new provinces is
both constitutional and right. That is the position which I,
without entering into a detailed examination of the bill now
before Parliament, desire to develop in the following article.

2. A preliminary remark maybe made. Each political party
has tried to fasten on the other the onus of appealing to religious
prejudice, and in so doing has acted unwisely. Not to touch
on race and religion when dealing with education is, in Canada
at least, impossible, since the very terms of the British North
America Act and the conditions, under which we exist as a
people, unite them. There would never have been a con¬
federation of provinces, as Sir Oliver Mowat said (quoted in
Debates for 1896, I, 2775,) unless the Act had clearly defined
the conflicting interests of Protestant and Catholic in this matter.
Hence the only point is not which party has been guilty of
introducing the topic of religion, but only whether this delicate
topic is touched by it in a statesmanlike way.

3. Education In the B.N.A. Act, 1867. The famous clause
in the B. N. A. Act, 1867, “Clause 93”, concerning the mean¬
ing and scope of which there has been such acute difference of
opinion, reads as follows : —

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

Education.

93. In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make
laws in relation to education, subject and according to the following pro¬
visions :

(1) Nothing in any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or

privilege with respect to denominational schools which any
class of persons have by law in the Province at the Union.

(2) All the powers, privileges, and duties at the Union by law con¬

ferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the separate schools
and school trustees of the Queen’s Roman Catholic subjects
shall be and the same are hereby extended to the dissentient
schools of the Queen’s Protestant and Roman Catholic sub¬
jects in Quebec :

(8) Where in any Province a system of separate or dissentient
schools exists by law at the Union or is thereafter established
by the Legislature of the Province, an appeal shall lie to the
Governor General in Council from any Act or decision of
any Provincial authority affecting any right or privilege of
the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority of the Queen’s
subjects in relation to education :

(4) In case any such Provincial law as from time to time seems to
the Governor General in Council requisite for the due exe¬
cution of the provisions of this section is not made, or in
case any decision of the Governor General in Council on any
appeal under this section is not duly executed by the proper
Provincial authority in that behalf, then and in every such
case, and as far only as the circumstances of each case re¬
quire, the Parliament of Canada may make remedial laws
for the due execution of the provisions of this section and of
any decision of the Governor General in Council under this
section.

4. The very structure of the Act is interesting. Clause
93 is one of five clauses of section VI, entitled “Distribution of
Legislative Powers.” In clause 91, under twenty-nine sub-sec¬
tions are enumerated the “Powers of the Parliament”; in clause
92 under sixteen sub-sections are enumerated the “Exclusive
Powers of Provincial Legislatures” ; and then clauses 93, 94
and 95, referring respectively to “Education”, “Uniformity of
Laws in Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick”, and “Agri¬
culture and Immigration” complete the section. It is manifest,
even to the casual reader, that education does not fall under the
exclusive powers either of the Dominion Parliament or of the
Province, but belongs to both. Some champions of Pro¬
vincial Rights argue as if education was a sub-section of clause
92. It is not necessary to say that neither Mr. Borden nor Mr.
Haultain has given currency to this blunder.

THE SCHOOL QUESTION.

6 1

5- History of the Clause: the Quebec Conference. fhe

blunder is hardly excusable if the evolution culminating in
clause 93 is observed. In the resolutions drawn up at Quebec
Oct. ioth-28th 1864 by delegates, 32 in all, from all the
provinces, including Newfoundland, education is mentioned in
“Article 43” as the sixth subject, respecting which the local
legislatures shall have power to make laws. The sub-section
reads :

6. Education : saving the rights and privileges which the Protestant
or Catholic minority in both Canadas may possess as to their denomina¬
tional schools at the time when the Union goes into operation. (Debates
on Confederation, p. 4.;

In this sub-section the two Canadas (Ontario and Quebec
are made exceptions to the proposal that education should
belong exclusively to the provinces. But the exception is sig¬
nificant. Legislation affecting the standards of education falls
within the power of the province ; but there is to be no inter¬
ference in these two provinces with the right of the minority to
its dissentient or denominational schools. (The word “sec¬
tarian” is objectionable and is tabooed in the acts). In these
two provinces the rights of minorities limit the rights of
provinces.

6. A brief explanation is needed here. We must project
ourselves backwards, so to speak, if we are to understand clearly
the language of that time. With the present connotation of
the phrase “Provincial Rights” in our minds, i. e. , right of the
majority in a province as against the Dominion legislating
in behalf of a minority in the same province, a shade of ob¬
scurity is thrown over the problem involved in confederation.
In 1864 the exclusive right of a province was in a measure the
same thing as the right of a minority, since Lower Canada
and to a lesser degree the Maritime Provinces had laws and
usages of their own which they feared to lose by absorption in
the Dominion. Mr. Macdonald, recognizing the justice of
this plea, waived his own preference for a legislative union
(t.e.y one government for all the provinces,) and advocated a
federal union, involving local or provincial authority. Per¬
sonally he wanted a government which could strike with all the
strength of the provinces combined, and he was not afraid to

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

mention the contingency of war between Great Britain and the
United States. But he knew that a legislative union was
powerful in appearance only unless it evoked the enthusiasm
of the contracting parties. The agitation, familiarly known as
“Rep. by Pop.” (representation in proportion to population)
never succeeded, abstractly fair as it seems to be, because it
would have given Upper Canada with its larger population
power over Lower Canada. So Macdonald said (Debates on
Confederation, p. 44), “We all feel the advantages we derive
from our connection with England. So long as that alliance
is maintained we enjoy under her protection the privileges of
constitutional liberty according to the British system. We
will enjoy here that which is the great test of constitutional
freedom — we will have the rights of minorities respected.” In
most cases rights of provinces and rights of minorities coin¬
cided ; where they clashed, as in “education”, the rights of
minorities had to be specially accented.

7. Votes on the Quebec Resolutions. The Quebec reso¬
lutions, whose education clause was recognized by its framers
to be incomplete, and to presuppose some additional legislation
(see Confederation Debates, pp. 407, 408, 41 1, 412, and
especially Cartier’s replies to Mr. Rose,) were carried, as Mr.
Macdonald urged, without amendment after a debate of which
Canadians have good reason to be proud. The vote (Debates,
p. 962,) stood 91 to 33 in the Legislative Assembly (Lower
House), and 45 to 15 in the Legislative Council (Upper House).
That the Assembly was awake to the necessity of conserving
the rights of the minority is evidenced by the reception accorded
to an amendment to a motion appointing a committee to draft
an address on Confederation to Her Majesty. The amendment
ran as follows :

That the following words be added to the original motion “And
that it be an instruction to the said Committee to consider whether any
constitutional restriction which shall exclude from the local legislature of
Upper Canada the entire control and direction of education, subject only
to the approval or disapproval of the general Parliament, is not calculated
to create widespread dissatisfaction, and tend to foster and create jealousy
and strife between the various religious bodies in that section of the
province.” (Debates, p. 1026.)

This amendment was negatived by a vote of 95 to 8.

THE SCHOOL QUESTION.

8. Significance of the Votes. Absorbing as the titanic
struggle raging all through these years is, in which the unity
of the American Republic was in jeopardy, the efforts of Cana¬
dian statesmen to effect a union of the British provinces have
an interest of their own. The “peaceful revolution”, as it has
been called, involving the adjustment not only of provinces,
but of languages, races and creeds, taxed the skill, forbearance
and steadfastness of purpose of our statesmen. They had to
steer between those who wanted entire uniformity in the new
Dominion, with the obliteration of all local interests, and those
who saw nothing of value beyond local interests. There was
the demand (a la Sieyes, as Carlyle might say,) made by Mr.
Holton that “some final and permanent system of education
will be enacted by this legislature” (Debates, p. 148), a Pro-
crustes-bed, in fact, under the alluring title of “national
schools” or “common school system,” a demand which Mr. A.
Mackenzie, much as he personally favoured some one system,
would not support. On the other hand, J. Sandfield Macdonald,
“believing that a denial of the right of the majority to legislate
on any given matter has always led to grave consequences,”
urged that every province should have its own way in edu¬
cation. Between these two extremes nothing seemed evident
to the “world’s coarse thumb and finger” but bargaining
(“huxtering arrangements”, as Mr. Holton had described
them,) reluctant concessions, and forced compromises, preg¬
nant with future bitterness and discord. And yet, according to
Mr. R. J. Cartwright, they were “raising this country from the
position of a mere province to that of a distinct nation ”, (De¬
bates, p. 822,) and, according to Mr. John A. Macdonald, they
were “forming a great nationality, commanding the respect of
the world.” (Debates, p. 277.)

9. The London Conference. It is possible to pass over
the other events of the years from 1864 to 1866. In 1866 the
Government of Canada introduced a bill (called the Lower
Canada Education Bill) for the purpose of protecting the mi¬
nority in Lower Canada, but withdrew it finally, owing to the
determination of their Lower Canada supporters to oppose it
unless a similar bill with reference to the Catholic minority in
Upper Canada was carried pari passu. Plainly something

QUEEN’S QUARTERLY .

more specific was required than the meagre clause in the 43rd
article of the Quebec resolutions. This detail was supplied by
the London Conference (4th-24th Dec., 1866), whose member¬
ship included amongst others Tupper and Tilley from the Gulf
provinces, and Macdonald, Cartier, Galt and Howland from
the Canadas. Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island had
for different reasons dropped out of the negotiations. The find¬
ing of this Conference, so far as it affected education, was as
follows : The exception affecting the rights and privileges of
Protestant and Catholic minorities was extended to the minority
in any province having rights or privileges by laws as to de¬
nominational schools at the time when the union went into
operation. And a provision, designed to make the other
clauses effective, was added that

“in any province where a system of separate or dissentient schools
by law obtains, or where the local legislature may hereafter adopt a
system of separate or dissentient schools, an appeal shall be to the
Governor-General in Council of the general government from the acts and
decisions of the local authorities which may affect the rights or privileges
of the Protestant or Catholic minority in the matter of education, and the
general parliament shall have power in the last resort to legislate on the
subject.”

This finding was expanded into “Clause 93” of theB.N.A.
Act, and clause 146 of the same Act makes the decision appli¬
cable to the “North-Western Territory.”

Conservative and Liberal statesmen, especially when
sobered by the responsibility of office, have alike accepted the
B.N.A. Act and the obligations it involves. Both sides are
clear that the provinces have rights and the minorities have
rights, but differ as to the amount of emphasis to be laid on
each. Mr. Borden and Mr. Haultain think that the important
feature of clause 93 is the exclusive power given to the prov¬
inces. They contend that the B. N. A. Act operates auto¬
matically without the interference of the Dominion, and that
any action whatsoever by the Dominion, even the simple
declaration to perpetuate the present school system of the terri¬
tories, is ultra vires. Sir Wilfrid Laurier is of a different mind,
and believing that the B. N. A. Act insists primarily on the
rights of minorities, proposes a bill to confirm them in these
rights.

THE SCHOOL QUESTION .

10. Bearing ol Subsequent Events. The Premier is
strengthened in this course by events which have trans¬
pired since 1867. In 1871 the New Brunswick legis¬
lature passed the New Brunswick School Act, “pro¬
viding for a compulsory rating and assessment for
non-sectarian schools.” (Bourinot’s Federal Government
in Canada in 7th series of the Johns Hopkins Studies),
and the minority, considering that the B. N. A. Act was vio¬
lated, exhausted every means of securing redress. Redress
was, however, refused on the ground that as the Catholics did
not enjoy separate privileges prior to confederation, the prov¬
ince was acting legally within its bounds. A similar appeal
was made by the Catholics of Prince Edward Island against
the school act passed by the legislature of that province in
1877, with a similar result. Clearly it is no easy matter for a
minority in any province to make good its case against the
majority.

Then came the action of Manitoba in 1890, when its legis¬
lature abolished the dual board of education and superin¬
tendency, and also established a single public school system
instead of the dual system which had up to that time existed by
law. A third time the minority sought redress, declaring that
the Manitoba legislation in effect compelled Catholics to attend
Protestant schools. This time the contention met with ap¬
proval. The Privy Council decided that the minority had a
grievance, and that it was competent for the Dominion Parlia¬
ment to grant relief. Proceeding on that basis Sir C. Tupper
introduced into the House of Commons in 1896 a Remedial
Act restoring to the minority in Manitoba their separate schools.
It seems certain that, if the Parliament had not dissolved by
the efflux of time, the act would, in spite of the violent antago¬
nism of the majority in Manitoba, have become law. But the
country at large was against it, and the Conservative party met
defeat at the polls.

The minority had a grievance, acknowledged by the high¬
est court in the Empire, and championed by the Dominion
Parliament. Admit that Sir Wilfrid was right in attributing to
the Conservative government an amazing lack of tact, and you
must still say that its case was strong. Yet its reception by

QUEENS QUARTERLY .

the people of Canada will make it hazardous for any govern¬
ment ever again to put in motion sub-section 4 of clause 93.

1 1. Conclusion. So we reach our point that the unques¬
tionable rights, which a minority has under the constitution,
are scantily safeguarded by the letter of the constitution. If a
province deliberately and by express legislation determines on
a given course, it is difficult even to the point of danger for the
Dominion Government to interfere. What is a prime minister,
convinced that the constitution lays upon him the obligation to
secure the minority in its educational rights, and aware, also,
that a conflict between central and local authorities must be
shunned, what is he, placed between these two fires, to do? Is
he weakly to say that the course of events has deprived him of
the power to redeem the pledge embedded in the constitution?
Or will he, as far as he can, confirm the rights of the minority
in the act which gives the new province existence? To me
there can be only one reply.

12. Our Present Duty. One word more as to our present
duty. Neither a minority nor a province has any divine rights.
Appeal must in the end be made, as Sir Wilfrid Laurier said
in 1896, “to the laws of eternal truth and justice, on which
alone nations can be founded” ; appeal must be made to the
spirit of the constitution, which Canadians at least may not
with impunity violate. We cannot invite a minority into con¬
federation on one plea, and insist that they continue in con¬
federation on another. If there is to be any change of base,
both majority and minority must consent. What we ulti¬
mately achieve must be achieved through the union of French
and English, Protestant and Catholic, and not by division.
It is that fact which for many Canadians gives politics in
Canada their deepest significance. In workingout their destiny
under this condition Canadians flatter themselves that they are
adding their contribution to the larger politics of mankind.
They dare to hope that in this respect they may be an object-
lesson to the nations, and towards the realization of this hope
they seek steadily to move.

In 1865 Sir E. Tache said that he believed that the war of
races was closed in 1841, when French and English were
placed on an equal footing in the constitution. In 1864 D’Arcy

THE SCHOOL QUESTION .

McGee had said that uwe have not amongst us bigotry of
classes or bigotry of race, or the belief that no good could
come out of Nazareth or any religion but their own.” (Gray’s
Confederation, pp. 101-2.) These words are echoed by every
outstanding statesman of that day. To those who have lived
long enough to remember the years immediately succeeding
confederation, and can recall the religious disturbances of the
time, the wish seems to be father to the thought for these men.
But we are apt to forget that they, too, had a past on which
they could look back equally with ourselves, and as they, look¬
ing backward, saw the subsidence of bitterness and virulence
of feeling, they could say with truth that race- warfare was
buried in 1841. It is to the credit of Canada that we have
since then buried it more than once ; but we would be blind
indeed if we did not see that it is now only the ghost of what it
was. At the time of confederation the word most frequently
on the lips of our politicians was the honourable word “ com¬
promise.” But this word, may we not think? has had its day,
and now the true word is not compromise but union. In such
a union racial and religious differences will not be crushed or
smuggled out of sight, but fully accepted. No school system
failing to combine these elements in some way can in Canada
claim to be called “national.” But a school which is genuinely
national will come only if Protestant and Catholic seek to di¬
minish the space which still divides them. At this juncture it
devolves on the intelligent representatives of both sides to
make the present unrest a means to a closer approximation.
Several Protestant denominations are now acting conjointly to
secure more adequate biblical instruction in the schools.
Why should Catholics not announce their purpose to run along
side of and even outstrip their Protestant compatriots in the so-
called secular branches? So once more across a lessening
chasm they and we would join hands, as our fathers did in the
days of auld lang syne, and together work out a national
school, which would be not a compromise or a product of deep-
seated disagreements, but the fulfilment of the highest hopes of
a united people.

S. W. Dyde.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND QUEENS

UNIVERSITY.

THE General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which
meets every year to pass under review the entire work of
the Church, met last month in Queen’s University, enjoying
the unequalled accommodation of Grant Hall, with the adjacent
class-rooms. This year a special interest attached to the work
of the University and its connection with the Church ; indeed,
it might almost be called a Queen’s Assembly”, as one sub¬
ject of outstanding importance was the condition and prospects
of Queen’s, for whose fuller endowment the Church is securing
an additional half million dollars. The work of raising this
amount is already in progress, and Presbyterians have sufficient
faith in the perseverance of the saints to be confident of its
successful completion.

Many members of the Assembly expressed their surprise
at the magnitude of Queen’s. They had heard of recent ex¬
pansion, of increased attendance, of new and stately buildings,
of the home contributed by the city of Kingston for the Arts
Faculty, of the accommodation provided by the Provincial
Government for the School of Mining and Engineering, of the
erection of Grant Memorial Hall by the students in their affec¬
tionate loyalty to their lost leader ; they had heard of these
things, but when they saw them they confessed that until then
they had not realized the extent and progress of the University ;
that, as with the Queen of Sheba, the half had not been told
them. This admission on the part of prominent and well-
informed members of Assembly, who had heard and read
descriptions of the “Queen’s of To-day”, suggests how difficult
it is to get the great mass of Presbyterians, not to speak of
Canadians in general, to form an adequate idea of the growth
of Queen’s. But the local habitation of the University is only
the outward and visible sign of its life and spirit, for Queen’s,
as was remarked by various speakers at the. Assembly, stands
for a type of education, some call it the Scottish type, which it
is claimed is maintained there, at least as an ideal, more fully
than anywhere else on this continent.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

It is becoming- increasingly clear that no Canadian Uni¬
versity can afford to neglect the higher and spiritual life of the
students. To do so is to forfeit the confidence of those whose
support is best worth having. Whether the University be
maintained by Provincial Government or by private benefaction,
some effort must be made in connection with it in this direction.
If there be no provision in its constitution for the spiritual
training of the students, then individual professors will try to
supply the need, or the students will charge themselves with it
along Y. M. C. A. lines. One of the staff of the Provincial
University, who was a member of the Assembly, delighted his
hearers by the statement that he regularly conducts a large
class in the University for the instruction of students in the
English Bible. Various means may be adopted for securing
the desired end, but certainly some way must be found in each
University for promoting the spiritual life of the students. To
ignore this is to offer only a one-sided training, and it is
claimed that for this fuller type and ideal of education Queen’s
has a great advantage in having the Theological department as
an integral part of the University, thus touching the life of the
great body of students directly through their fellow-students.

Hitherto the maintenance of Queen’s has been provided
for not by the large benefactions of the rich, but by the
moderate gifts of many contributors. In large donations from
wealthy friends Queen’s is not only far behind McGill, into
whose coffers money has been poured with lavish liberality,
but she is also far behind Victoria, for whereas Queen’s has
two endowed chairs, one to the amount of $40,000, and another
to the amount of nearly $25,000, Victoria has for some time
had eleven chairs with separate endowments varying from
$20,000 to $60,000, and aggregating over $400,000, and has
recently secured, as with the easy touch of a magician’s wand,
some $300,000 additional endowment. Yet the demands upon
Victoria are considerably less than those made upon Queen’s.
On the other hand, it may be asked, where is the University in
Canada that could place upon its walls memorial tablets, such
as those in Queen’s Convocation Hall, to the many benefactors
who on different occasions aided her endowment, — in one case
500, in another 2,500, in another 6,000 — or that could point

7o QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

to such a gift from its students as Grant Memorial Hall ?

The development of Queen’s has been along national lines,
with the ideal of national service, and with the breadth of out¬
look and purpose befitting a national university. Those who
advocated her separation from the Church argued that this de¬
velopment would be more secure if all Church connection were
severed. It is gratifying, however, to see that the Presbyterian
Church, which is itself so truly national in its aims and efforts,
— as is shown, for instance, in its Home Mission work, — has
no desire to check this national development of Queen’s. As
is noted in the University reports presented in this issue of the
Quarterly, the Assembly unanimously agreed to give to the
University Council, which represents the great body of gradu¬
ates, increased representation on the Board of Trustees. With
its present Church connection, no change can be made in the
constitution of Oueen’s without the consent of the General As-
sembly, but the Assembly cordially assented to this proposed
change, recognizing that it is in the line of the University’s
growth and fitted to promote its larger usefulness.

What should be the connection between the Churches and
the University system of our country is not yet by any means
clear. Indeed, no uniform solution of the problem need be
sought, for the answer must vary with circumstances. The
Church, however, in seeking to promote the spiritual life of the
country, should try to influence its higher learning, and the
universities, as founts of higher learning, cannot afford to ig¬
nore the spiritual life of those within their walls. The
Churches and the universities should be at one in their aim to
lift the people above the mere material and commercial spirit,
and, in view of the rapid development of our industrial re¬
sources, should work all the more strenuously and harmoniously
to promote the higher life, both intellectual and spiritual, for it
is true of the nation, as of the individual, that its life consists
not in the abundance of that which it has, but in the abundance
of that which it is.

D. M. G.

CURRENT EVENTS.

PARTY CRITICISM FROM WITHIN.

THE discussion of the educational clauses in the bills for the
erection of the new Provinces in the North-West, has
given rise to a number of collateral questions, sacred and secu¬
lar. Among those on the secular side is the problem as to how
far an individual or a newspaper may carry its criticism of the
party whose general policy it supports, without feeling obliged
to aid in the defeat of the party at the time of an election. In
attempting a definite and intelligent discussion of such an issue,
certain general principles must be set forth, which may or may
not obtain general assent. In the first place, it seems necessary
to maintain that, even under a party system of government, in
order to have the business of the country carried on, a certain
continuity of executive policy and administration is indispens¬
able. It is, therefore, not desirable that there should be a shift¬
ing of the executive government from one set of hands to
another, as often as any question comes up on which the views
of those holding the executive power are not in agreement with
a sufficient section of their own party to accomplish its defeat,
when united with the opposition. It is, indeed, quite likely
that no single policy on the greater number of important sub¬
jects could command a perfectly frank and independent majority
on the basis of complete agreement. Agreement in opposition
to any policy does not imply agreement in support of any other
given policy. But the government of a country is a positive
and not a negative matter. Politics, as well as religion, friend¬
ship, and an endless variety of practical interests, implies a
certain degree of compromise. There must be a general agree¬
ment on certain radical lines of policy, and a general under-
standing, without specific limitations, to be governed by the
views of the majority for the time being, on minor issues. On
such an understanding there is ample range for free discussion
and independent criticism, leading to true growth of ideas and
expansion of policy, while stability of political organization

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

is preserved. In proportion, however, as such freedom and
independence are denied, by either friends or opponents, party
organization tends to become hidebound, and its adherents
merely blind partizans.

It is true that a limited number of persons in a community
may discharge a very useful function by standing aloof from all
parties and bringing the whole weight of their influence to the
assistance of those who advocate that policy on any subject of
which they approve. But they will as freely and completely
turn their influence against the same parties on any other sub¬
ject on which their policy does not command the agreement of
the independents. However, not only is this a difficult position
for the ordinary man to maintain, but the virtue of such per¬
sons, or such organs of public opinion, necessarily depends
upon their being limited in number, since from people of such
a character no stable organization could be formed for the carry¬
ing out of a general legislative and executive programme.
However permanent might be the agreement between a number
of perfectly independent persons, on one or two subjects, it is
practically impossible that such an agreement should extend to
all important subjects. Hence, co-operation could continue
only on the basis of compromise. But this simply brings us
back to the formation of a new political party. And since the
executive government, in an extensive country, must command
the support of a majority of the people, it is quite obvious that
a party sufficiently strong in numbers and organization to
undertake the government, must involve a great deal of practi¬
cal compromise and acceptance of rule by majority, even where
that means, as it usually does, control by a limited number
of minds. But, wherever the differences with one’s party
become so radical that one must lose more in supporting it in
power than in bringing in its opponents, it is plainly one’s
duty not only to criticize the policy of the party but to vote it
out of office. Nothing could be more dangerous, politically,
than that the leaders of a party should be able to command its
normal following so completely as to carry measures which are
opposed to the honest convictions of the majority of their fol¬
lowers, on the ground that they can be counted upon to sacrifice
their convictions for the sake of maintaining the party in power.

CURRENT EVENTS.

In other words, a party organization is a very necessary instru¬
ment for the carrying on of government in a democratic state,
and, in consequence, this instrument must be maintained in
efficient form. But the limit of the sacrifice of personal con¬
viction to efficient organization, is the point at which the sup¬
port of the party involves the frustration of the very objects for
the accomplishment of which it is worth maintaining. Of that
point each individual must be judge for himself.

THE BRITISH FINANCIAL OUTLOOK.

A paper lately read before the British Institute of Bankers
by Mr. Edgar Speyer, of the great financial house of Speyer
and Company, dealing with the national finances, is of special
interest, not only to Britain itself, but to the whole Empire.
We have heard a good deal, of recent years, about the burden
of Empire and the necessity for the Colonies coming to the aid
of the Mother Country to assist her in bearing it. Neverthe¬
less, the most ample evidence is always at hand, that the actual
burden of empire for Britain has been gradually diminishing
within the last half century, while the burden of her own do¬
mestic interests has been more or less steadily increasing. The
real burden of empire in these days — the burden which Britain
used to bear before she learned imperial wisdom — is now borne
by Germany and France, and that, too, without a word of com¬
plaint, except from a few financial experts, but with a certain
feverish anxiety to increase the load. Here, too, however, we
have the plainest evidence of fact that these countries enjoy all
the expense and Britain nearly all the profit from these same
dominions. Fashion is as powerful a factor among nations as
among individuals, and no power aspiring to occupy the first
rank can forego, even at ruinous expense, the luxurious dis¬
tinction of maintaining dominion over some savage or semi-
barbarous colonies. Many Britons, it is true, realize the dis¬
tinction of being hereditary aristocrats in this respect, and swell
with a new pride as they think of their extensive colonial pos¬
sessions and how they might be put in a new livery and
paraded before Europe in a manner to make the German
Emperor chameleon coloured with alternate envy and despair.
However, apart from her South African policy, it is not her

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

colonial but her domestic expenditure which of recent years has
has been increasing at such an astonishing rate.

What Mr. Speyer points out, with exceptional knowledge
and ample evidence, is that the nation is rapidly developing an
individual, municipal and national extravagance, which is all
the more ominous that it is so unintelligent and reckless. The
Economist and other well informed and responsible journals have
been preaching on this same text for some years past, but ap¬
parently to deaf ears. The demoralizing influence of personal
extravagance upon moral and social life does not appear to be
confined to any one class. There has been an apparent decline
in the old self-reliance and steady reserve power which for so
long characterized the British people. They have grown much
more self-conscious and hysterical, with vague fears as to the
passing of their power. This feeling has become the basis of
a new political movement which confessedly aims at inducing
the nation to neglect its own experience and follow the example
of other nations, regardless of the widest differences in con¬
ditions. No longer is the nation to keep pace with its own
needs and experience, striking out new and characteristic path¬
ways for itself ; it must imitate blindly the fashions set by its
neighbours. Undoubtedly these evidences of national weakness
are as yet only partial and sectional, but they are none the less
marked. The appeal to the colonies for assistance, not with
imperial but with national burdens, or fancied burdens, is itself
highly significant, especially as it emanates, for the most part,
from the same element which encourages extravagance at home,
and the search for a national model abroad.

In the meantime, as Mr. Speyer points out, the increasing
extravagance of the individual citizens, of the municipal cor¬
porations, and of the national government, is having the effect
of curtailing the efficiency of the national investments, the in¬
crease of the national capital, and the productive power of the
people. While the foreign trade of the country, as regards
both exports and imports, has been steadily increasing for the
past four years, the internal economy of the nation has not
been at all in so wholesome a condition. It is quite evident,
therefore, that so long as attention is diverted from needful do¬
mestic reforms, and remedies for internal evils are sought in

CURRENT EVENTS.

the recasting of foreign and colonial trade relations, while re¬
lief from national extravagance is sought in the winning of co¬
lonial subsidies, the outlook for a healthy national recuperation
is not promising. Under a continuation of such conditions
what is at present only a dangerous tendency might become a
permanent feature of national weakness.

THE EXPOSURE OF WAR.

Fortunately for the cause of civilization and the continued
diffusion of a Christian and humanitarian sentiment, that
spiritual opiate, so often administered in the sweetmeat of
poetry, which presents the idealizing and morally regenerating
influence of war, has of late been subject to exposure in a very
matter of fact manner. Few have any longer the courage to
claim for war that it is a cathartic of all that is sordid and mean
and materializing in human life. The yellow journalist was
the poet laureate of the Spanish-American war, and now one of
its most dramatic heroes is the strenuous advocate of inter¬
national peace. No poet, not even Kipling, has had the hardi¬
hood to sing South Africa with its sequel of Chinese com¬
pounds, not to mention later scandals. No stately epic clarifies
our moral vision with scenes from that crusade of modern Euro¬
pean chivalry against the sordid heathen of Pekin. And we
are probably safe in saying that no Russian or European poet
will celebrate the self-devoted though unfortunate valour of a
civilized and Christian Russia, in its attempts to plant a barrier
against the western inroads of the tawny hosts of barbarous
and heathen Japan.

War was doubtless in no small measure a stimulus to
spiritual activity, and even to national development, so long as
it was based upon personal prowess and associated with re¬
ligion. Then the warrior had no doubt that he was fighting in
the company and for the ultimate glory of his gods. In
modern times, however, scarcely the most militant Christian has
a faith so robust as to maintain that even the First Person of
the Trinity can delight in the incense which rises from the car¬
nage heaps of a modern battle field. It is indeed doubtful, in
view of the world’s comments on Doggerbank episodes, peace¬
ful missions to Tibet, and military recreations in the Philip¬
pines, whether we shall be able to accept Mr. Kipling’s defense

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

of war as the “noblest sport of man.” There is undoubtedly
much to be said for the position that the nobler the victim the
nobler the sport. There is little satisfaction in killing spar¬
rows, while gorilla hunting is understood to be rather exciting-
sport, and killing blacks in the Congo State was found to be
even better. Still, hunting is not the incentive to poetry which
it once was, and if, in spite of the pulpit efforts of the German
Kaiser, war should lose the support of religion, it will be diffi¬
cult for Kiplingism, itself apparently on the wane, to arrest its
spiritual decline at the plane of sport.

Another fact which militates against the sporting justifica¬
tion for modern war, is the radical alteration in the relationship
of the combatants, from earlier to modern times. One can
imagine the excitement of the older hand-to-hand combat, the
exhilaration of a cavalry charge, and the supreme satisfaction
of actually hewing down your man, or running him through
some vital region with a bayonet. That, presumably, was
something worth while, and is doubtless the kind of sport which
Mr. Kipling has in mind when he names it the noblest of all.
But in modern warfare there is very little of even that left.
It is too slow and tedious. It may be fighting, but it is not
war. Under the more typical modern scientific methods of the
Russo-Japanese war, the field operations appear to very much
resemble navvying on a railroad, or opening a coal mine, but
with enormously increased casualties from the handling, of ex¬
plosives. Naval warfare, also, has lost all its picturesque fea¬
tures, and a modern naval battle is merely an encounter be¬
tween a number of floating machine shops, with enormous
capacity for mere destruction of life and property. But there
is in this decidedly no sportsmanship for any one, on either sea
or land. What sportsman could take pleasure in bringing
home a cart load of the mangled fragments of a herd of deer
blown to pieces, a mile or more away, by cordite shells ; or
what sport is there in gathering up some hundreds of dead fish
as the result of exploding a dynamite cartridge under water?

No ; war, having lost its religious sanction, and having
ceased to be either barbarous or brutal, for these are primitive
and, in comparison with modern operations, innocent phases of
mutual homicide, and having become too business-like a

CURRENT EVENTS.

butchery for even sport, must be recognized as having reached
the last prosaic stages of mere passionless destruction of life
and its resources. It has practically achieved the limit of com¬
monplace hideousness, which when duly realized will end all
applause of it. And when war ceases to win applause, it will
speedily be discovered that it is quite as convenient to settle
disputes before war as after it, while it involves much less
sacrifice of justice.

A. Shortt.

THE UNIVERSITY.

REPORTS, SESSION 1904-05.

1903-04. 1904-05.

Undergraduates in Arts (attending) . 316 308

General Students in Arts (attending) . 26 27

Post-Graduates in Arts (attending) . . . 31 24

Undergraduates in Arts (extra-mural) . 144 199

Post-Graduates in Arts (extra-mural) . 9 14

Students in Theology . 38 38

Students in Practical Science . 143 162

Students in Medicine . 216 208

923 980

26 23

897 957

Increase over preceding year . 44 60

Degrees Conferred.

In Arts (B.A., 62 ; M.A., 24) . 86

In Practical Science (B. Sc.) . 24

In Medicine (M.D., G.M.) . 44

In Theology (Testamurs, 4 ; B.D., 5) . 9

163

Statement of Revenue and Expenditure for Year

Ending April ist, 1905.

REVENUE.

Fees . $23,011 34

Interest on Mortgages . . 21,208 71

Interest on Bonds, Debentures, etc . 5,744 36

Interest on Jubilee Fund Subscriptions . 2,244 92

John Roberts Allan — Chair of Botany . 150 00

Rent of Carruthers Hall and Mechanical Laboratory . 1,125 00

Rent of Lands . 132 25

Wm. Mackenzie, Assistant Professorship . 1,200 00

Observatory — Grant from Government . 500 00

General Assembly’s College Fund —

Church Agents . $3,507 44

Congregations contributing direct . 318 30

- 3,825 74

Chancellor’s Lectureship . 250 00

Receipt of Scholarships . 2,635 00

Balance, accumulated deficiency . $10,907 90

Deficit for year . . . 788 93

- 11,696 83

$73,724 15

EXPENDITURE.

Deficiency of former years . . . $10,907 90

Salaries, Professors and Lecturers in Theology . 9,335 15

Salaries, Professors and Tutors in Arts . 29,754 97

THE UNIVERSITY.

Salaries, other officers . $ 5,210 75

Chancellor’s Lectureship . 250 00

Church Agents, Commission on Collection for General Assembly

College Fund . 60 00

Insurance . 416 39

Improvements and Repairs . 4,172 56

Travelling Expenses . 372 65

Printing and Stationery . 2,243 45

Contingencies . 612 61

Advertising . 106 40

Legal Expenses, Commissions on Loans and Collections . . . 552 69

Athletics . 750 00

Biological Laboratory . 438 00

Furniture . 155 09

Fuel and Light . 2,657 60

Library . 2,200 00

Taxes . 84 96

Mining School Fees . 807 98

Scholarships . 2,635 00

$73,724 15

G. Y. CHOWN, Secretary-Treasurer.
Examined and found correct.

D. MURRAY, Auditor.

May 10, 1905.

GYMNASIUM FUND.

April 2, 1904 — Amount paid to date. . . $2,785 07

Cash . 25 00

Interest on amount . 140 00

Total.... . . . $2,950 07

WILLIAMSON MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP FUND.

April 2, 1904 — Amount paid to date . - . $3,469 26

Cash . 10 00

Total . $3,479 28

“01” FELLOWSHIP FUND.

April 2, 1904— Amounts paid to date . . $1,000 00

Sundry subscriptions . 269 43

Total . $1,269 45

DEAN FOWLER SCHOLARSHIP FUND.

Amounts paid to date . $865 00

CHAIR OF CHURCH HISTORY.

Amount previously acknowledged . $23,450 52

Sundry subscriptions raised to date . 74 40

Total . $23,524 90

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

MCDOWELL MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP FUND.

Amounts paid to date . * .$530 00

Cash . 3 00

Interest . 26 00

Total . . $559 00

DORAN BEQUEST.

Amount previously acknowledged . $22,384 31

ENDOWMENT JOHN STEWART BURSARY.

From Jas. Dingwall . $5,000 00

ENDOWMENT FUND.

Sundry subscriptions paid to date . $1,459 66

Sundry payments . 1,282 16

Balance . $177 50

CHAIR IN BOTANY.

J. Roberts Allan, Esq., of Ottawa, paid Endow¬
ment on which he had previously been paying
interest . $3,000 00

CENTURY FUND OF THEOLOGICAL FACULTY.

Received from Dr. Warden share of balance of fund. $893 33
Grant Hall.

Grant Hall, the splendid memorial erected by the students to
him who, more than any other, was the maker of Queen’s of
to-day, was opened and dedicated early in the session. The
Chancellor presided, receiving the gift of the building from the
students through their representative, the Rev. James Wallace,
and acknowledging it in the name of the University. Other
addresses were delivered bearing specially upon the occasion,
followed by the inaugural of Professor Macnaughton, who had
returned to us from Montreal to fill the chair of Church
History.

Convocations.

The Convocation on April 7th, at which degrees in Medicine
were conferred, was made specially memorable by the visit of His
Excellency Earl Grey, the Right Honourable Lord Strathcona,
and Prof. Kirkpatrick, Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, on
each of whom the degree of LL.D. was conferred. The day was

THE UNIVERSITY.

8 1

bright, with “Queen's” weather. The Hall, which His Excel¬
lency characterized as the finest Academic Hall he had ever
seen, was filled with an enthusiastic audience, the students oc¬
cupying the spacious galleries and enlivening the proceedings
with songs in the intervals between the addresses. The
Governor-General delighted his hearers, and seemed equally
with them. Our honoured Chancellor presided, the crowning
moment of the day’s proceedings being when he and Lord
Strathcona, Canada’s two “grand old men”, and friends of
nearly a life-time, stood with clasped hands, as the one in name
of the University recognized the eminent services rendered by
the other to the Dominion and to the Empire. It was a
notable occasion, this first Convocation in Grant Hall.

By comparison the Convocation on April 26th, for con¬
ferring degrees in Arts, Science and Theology, seemed some¬
what tame, and yet, with the exception of the gathering of the
7th, this was the largest assemblage ever seen at a Convocation
in Oueen’s, for never before had we such abundant accommo-
dation. On this occasion the degree of D.D. was conferred on
Rev. J. R. Battisby, Ph.D., of Chatham; Rev. Eber Crummy,
B.A., B.Sc., of Kingston ; and Rev. James Fleck, B.A., of
Montreal ; and the degree of LL.D. on D. D. McBean, Esq.,
of New York ; and John L. Bray, M.D., of Chatham.

Courses Leading to the Degree of Ph.D.

The subjects from which any two might be selected, as
subjects for examination on which the degree of Ph.D. would
be given, have hitherto been Latin, Greek, German, Romance
Languages, English, History, Moral Philosophy, Mental
Philosophy, Political Science. To these have recently been
added Old Testament Language and Literature and New Testa¬
ment Language and Literature. In regard to these, candidates
must comply with one of the following conditions :

1. If they offer themselves for the degree of Ph.D. in any two of the
Arts subjects, they must have previously taken the degree of M.A. in
those subjects, or must satisfy the Senate of their ability to proceed with
the course.

2. If they offer themselves for the degree of Ph.D. in one of the
Arts subjects, and either Old Testament Language and Literature or New
Testament Language and Literature, they must have previously obtained

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

the degree of M.A. or B.A. with First Class Honours in the Arts subject
chosen, have completed their course in Theology, and have passed the
examination in half of the course for B.D.

8. If they offer themselves for the degree of Ph.D. in Old Testament
Language and Literature, and New Testament Language and Literature,
they must have previously taken an Arts degree and the degree of B.A.

Details regarding the courses to be prescribed in O.T. and
N.T. Languageand Literature are not yet ready for publication.

The Endowment Fund.

The graduates and friends of the University are naturally
interested in the movement for securing additional endowment.

Since the close of the Session the General Assembly of
the Presbyterian Church held its annual meeting in Grant
Hall (June 7-14), and the statements submitted to the Assembly
regarding the University dealt fully with the new Endowment
Fund.

It will be remembered that the Assembly of 1904, which
met at St. John, N.B., appointed a large and representative
committee to co-operate with the Trustees in securing half a
million dollars of additional Endowment. Conferences of this
Committee and the Board of Trustees were held on the 1st and
26th of September ; an Executive Committee was appointed ;
plans were framed for presenting the matter to Presbyteries
and congregations. The University Council offered the aid of
their organization, and are represented on the Executive. In
different sections committees were appointed to secure the as¬
sistance not only of the members of the Presbyterian Church,
but of the graduates and friends of Queen’s generally. As the
work opened out it was found that information regarding
Queen’s was greatly needed throughout the country, and must
be furnished before any large or widespread response could be
expected to the appeal for aid. Steps were taken to provide
this through public addresses and the distribution of literature,
but probably the late meeting of the General Assembly within
Grant Hall will prove the most powerful agency for acquainting
the Presbyterian Church and the country at large with Queen’s.
Thus far, including payments and promises, something over
$130,000 have been secured, but this alone does not represent
in full the work already done in seed-sowing, in spreading in-

THE UNIVERSITY. 83

formation, in securing new friends, and in preparing the way
for active canvass.

After receiving the report of the Endowment Committee,
the General Assembly unanimously and cordially passed the
following resolution : —

The Assembly, recognizing with thankfulness the increasing service
which Queen’s is rendering to the Church and to the whole country, and
deeply impressed with the possibilities for ever greater usefulness,

(1) expresses its satisfaction at the consideiable progress already
made ;

(2) repeats its conviction that half a million dollars are needed in
order that the University may cope with the demands of its steadily
growing numbers ;

(3) urges upon the Committee immediate prosecution of the canvass,
not only within the three Central Synods, but amongst all the graduates
and friends of Queen’s ;

(4) re-appoints the Committee with power to add to its number ;

(5) deeply sensible of the gravity and magnitude of the undertaking,
it approves of the appointment of a special agent of the Fund, and ex¬
presses its satisfaction that the Rev. Robert Laird, of Vancouver, has con¬
sented to devote himself to this work.

It is hoped that the Endowment movement will make
rapid progress now that the undivided services of Mr. Laird
have been secured. He is an enthusiastic son of Queen’s, al¬
ready known to many of her friends and graduates, as well as
throughout the Presbyterian Church, and it is confidently ex¬
pected that he will elicit a liberal response in many quarters in
aid of the fuller equipment of the University.

Additional Representation of the Council.

When the report of the Trustees was considered by the
Genaral Assembly, a resolution was passed containing the fol¬
lowing clause :

“The Assembly, in accordance with its resolutions of last year, ap¬
proves of the proposal of the Trustees to provide for the appointment by
the University Council of five additional members of the Board of
Trustees.”

This is, perhaps, the strongest possible evidence that the
Church, while maintaining her old-time connection with the
University, and endeavouring to vitalize that connection so as
to make it more largely helpful, has no desire to restrict the
freedom of the University or to check its development along
national lines, but seeks rather to give the fullest recognition to
the whole body of graduates. It may, perhaps, be inexpedient

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

to seek immediately the legislation necessary to give effect to
the Assembly’s decision, as there may be some other changes
not yet considered but requiring legislation that could be se¬
cured at the same time. The Board, however, will not be slow
to carry out its own proposal, thus to extend to the University
Council, as representing the entire body of graduates, a larger
measure of control in the affairs of the University,

The Faculty of Theology.

Last summer Prof. McComb resigned the chair of Church
History. The Trustees appointed in his place Professor Mac-
naughton, who had for some years filled the Greek chair in
Queen’s, but had for a year given his services to McGill. Both
professors and students were glad to welcome him back to a
place on the staff.

Owing to the demands of the Endowment Fund upon his
time, the Principal was relieved of the work of his class, his
place being taken by the Rev. Dr. Macrae, formerly Principal
of Morrin College, Quebec. Dr. Macrae’s services were highly
appreciated by the Theological classes. It is a great pleasure
to report that Prof. Jordan has been able to carry on all the
work of his classes during the past session, and, although his
health is not yet completely restored, we hope that he is in
the way of rapid and permanent recovery. The work of Rev.
Mr. Carruthers, Lecturer in Elocution, was appreciated by the
Theological students, as well as by the large classes conducted
by him in connection with the department of English Literature.

During the past year there were thirty-three students in
attendance on the various Theological classes, and four post¬
graduate students engaged in special studies, in all thirty-
seven. In addition to the ordinary work of the classes, and in
order to provide some special instruction in the organization
and direction of Sabbath schools and in the training of Sab¬
bath school teachers, a course of lectures was given by Mr.
Marion Lawrence, Secretary of the International S.S. Associa¬
tion, Rev. Eber Crummy, and Prof. Macnaughton.

The Alumni Conference, which has special attractions for
the Theological students, was held during the past session in
the first week of November instead of being held as formerly

THE UNIVERSITY.

in February. The change of date proved so convenient to
many that it was determined to adhere to it, and already an
excellent programme has been provided for the Conference to
be held at the opening of the Theological classes next November.
For those who attend regularly this annual Alumni Conference
serves in some measure the purpose of a valuable post-graduate
course.

Report of the Dean of the Medical Faculty.

The report of the Faculty of Medicine showed that the
registration for the year was 209. The combined course in
Arts and Medicine is becoming more popular, as eight students
previously registered for the Medical course alone entered upon
the combined course. There were 33 Arts graduates registered.
Forty-five candidates received the degrees of M.D. and C.M.

The total fees paid during the year amounted to $19,228.50.
This does not include the graduation fees paid to the Registrar.

Last summer the building was much improved. The
students have taken greater care in keeping the building in a
sanitary state. The spitting habit had been largely discon-
continued, as it is now an offence against the laws of the
students’ society.

The Faculty room was renovated and its meetings are now
held there in place of the Senate room. All the leading medi¬
cal publications are on file in the Faculty room.

The library has been moved into a larger room and new
shelving provided. Many additions have been made to it
during the year.

Some changes in the work of the staff were rendered neces¬
sary by the retirement of Dr. Sullivan at the New Year. Dr.
Mundell is now Professor of Surgery. Dr. Ryan has assumed
the teaching of Applied Anatomy in conjunction with his usual
clinics at the Hotel Dieu. Dr. Mylks is Professor of Anatomy,
and Dr. Etherington is Lecturer and Chief Demonstrator of
Anatomy.

The death of Dr. Herald has created a vacancy in Clinical
Medicine which will not be easy to fill. Some division of the
clinical work is likely to be made, but the changes have not yet
been determined.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

The increased clinical facilities at Rockvvood Hospital have
been much appreciated by the students. New clinics were con¬
ducted by Dr. Campbell at the General Hospital, and by Dr.
Morrison at the Hotel Dieu.

Mr. J. M. McIntyre supplemented the course in Juris¬
prudence by three lectures on that part of the subject most fa¬
miliar to the lawyer. The advantage to the student was ob¬
vious, and it is hoped Mr. McIntyre may repeat the lectures
from year to year.

The appointment of Dr. Etherington to give all his time
to teaching Anatomy has proved very satisfactory. When not
engaged in teaching Dr. Etherington has devoted his time to
the preparation of permanent dissections and specimens.
These are very valuable and will save a great deal of the time
of the Demonstrators. Already about fifty permanent prepara¬
tions are in the anatomical museum, and many others are in
course of preparation. The department of Anatomy is now
second to none in the country.

The Trustees have agreed to an endowment for the chair
of Anatomy, or, rather, Animal Morphology, as the Professor
will teach comparative as well as human anatomy. Forty
thousand dollars is the sum required, and the Faculty is hope¬
ful that this amount will be secured within the next few years.

The Government of Ontario, at the close of the past session,
voted a large amount towards a new hospital in Toronto, in
order to improve the clinical teaching in the Medical School of
the University. As this involves a departure from the policy
of the government in the past, the Medical Faculty have asked
for consideration of the work done in Queen’s for medical edu¬
cation, and they are hopeful that substantial aid will be given
to the scientific side of the work. The teaching of medicine
has gradually become more and more expensive, until now it is
impossible to maintain the required efficiency out of the fees of
the students. Government assistance may very properly be
given for those departments closely connected with public
health and requiring expensive laboratories and the full time of
expert professors.

THE UNIVERSITY.

Report of Dean of Practical Science.

The Faculty of Practical Science for the first few years of
its existence concerned itself altogether, or very largely, with
such subjects as belong distinctively to the profession of Mining
Engineering, and it is still, and must remain, a mining school,
laying particular stress upon all subjects cognate to mining ;
and we may reasonably expect that the number of students enter¬
ing its halls for the purpose of receiving a mining education
will increase from year to year.

But, in America at least, mining has been, to a consider¬
able extent, a pioneer profession, and as any section of the
country became developed, first through its mining interests,
and later on through its agticultural and commercial ones, the
other departments of engineering have gradually overshadowed
that of mining in their importance. And Canada will prove to
be no exception to this general principle. On the opening up of
the great west to agriculture and manufactures and commerce,
the future demands, for many years to come, must be for
engineers of construction along the lines of steam and electrical
railways, bridges and viaducts, water supply and irrigation,
manufacturing establishments and machine shops, &c., & c.
And the School of Mining is already feeling the effect of this
new and growing environment, and, as must be the case with
any living and growing institution in a progressive country, is
responding to it. This is clearly shown by the fact that out of
162 students properly belonging to the School, only 56 are pre¬
paring for mining engineers, while the balance of 106 are de¬
voting themselves to other engineering courses, principally
civil and electrical engineering.

This is as it should be, and as some of us have all along
hoped and expected that it might be. In fact, the profession of
the mining engineer calls pretty extensively upon other depart¬
ments of engineering, and the school which is best equipped
all round is in the best condition to give a good mining edu¬
cation.

But it is not practicable that a school should have an all¬
round equipment if it gives itself and its chief interests solely to
mining, or in fact unless it is actually doing complete work and

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

plenty of it along the other cognate lines. As a consequence,

I think that we must be prepared to face the problem of making
the school strong in every part instead of strengthening it in
one part at the expense or neglect of another.

This is the policy which has characterized the operations
of the past year ; for the Civil Engineering department has
been strengthened by the appointment of two men of wide and
varied engineering experience, and the Mechanical Engineering
has been made more efficient by the assistance of a specialist
qualified in that particular department.

And it is quite proper, I think, to look forward to the time
when the teacher of. Mechanical Engineering, instead of being,
as he is now, an assistant to the professor of Electrical Engineer¬
ing, shall have full charge of his department and be held
responsible for it.

Of course the 162 students referred to as properly belong¬
ing to the School of Mines does not include all the students in
attendance. For students in both Arts and Medicine have to
take their chemistry, their mineralogy, their geology and their
physics at the School of Mining. These number about 183,
and their fees constitute an important part of the revenue of the
School.

Some of the snbjects, especially chemistry, have very
large classes, and it is quite difficult, if not impracticable, to
accommodate a whole class at once, especially as the class is
apt to contain students from the three faculties, Arts, Medicine
and Practical Science, at the same time.

It appears to me that the feasible way out of the difficulty
would be, not to attempt to enlarge the room, which is already
quite commodious, but to divide the class into sections depend¬
ing upon the character and need of their special pursuits. Thus
the medicals might be taken by themselves, and so also might
the arts. This has been done in the department of mathe¬
matics, which has to deal with about 200 students in each ses¬
sion, and it has given eminent satisfaction.

Of course this requires an additional force, which must be
supplemented by assistants or fellows, who might not be alto¬
gether as efficient as an older and experienced professor. But,

THE UNIVERSITY.

even then, with fairly good assistants, the work would be more
satisfactorily done than by fewer and even better teachers with
crowded and unwieldly classes.

Finally, I wish to say a few words in regard to the work¬
shops, or mechanical laboratory. The shops have been and
are of great use to the School, for besides doing their principal
work of giving to the student a good knowledge of workshop
practice in pattern making and machine work, they have within
the past three years added more than a thousand dollars worth
of apparatus and appliances to the departments.

Something practical should be done in the way of getting
a more commodious blacksmith’s shop, and in the near future
we should look forward to having a small foundery for giving
the requisite practical training in moulding and casting iron
and brass.

The shops are open to all, and are carried on for the benefit
of all the departments without discrimination, and not for the
especial benefit of one, as might be the case if the head of a
department should be in authority.

Respectfully submitted.

N. F. Dupuis.

Animal Biology.

The total registered attendance during the past session was
159. Of these 50 were registered in the pass class in Arts, 16
in Preliminary Honours, and 7 in Final Honours.

The attendance in the first year in Medicine was 41, and
in the second year 45.

The attendance during the last seven weeks of the medical
session, or, what is usually known as the eight months session,
shows a satisfactory increase in numbers ; but the work to be
covered during this time by first year students is difficult to
organize and harmonize with that of the rest of their course.
If new work is begun with these students, it has to be repeated
the following October with those students who are taking only
a six months’ course. It is apparent, therefore, that the time
has come in which to require all medical students to put in the
full eight months’ session ; and I hope a regulation to this ef¬
fect will be passed by the Medical Faculty next year.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

The new programme of study of the Ontario Education
Department went into effect last August, and, as I pointed out
in my last report, prominence is to be given to the study of
both plants and animals in the Public and High schools of the
province. It would be wise, therefore, for the Trustees to pro¬
vide, as soon as possible, additional facilities for teaching
Botany and Animal Biology. Chief among these should be
the appointment of an assistant to Professor Fowler, who
should, in addition, develop museum work by adding to its
specimens and giving regular instruction in Systematic
Zoology. Such an instructor should be a man who has been
specially trained along this line of work. Some of the larger
American universities — Chicago, Cornell, Harvard and Colum¬
bia — have devoted a great deal of attention to the education
and training of teachers during the past few years ; and if
Queen’s is to have a Faculty of Education, the quicker she
shapes her plans towards this end the better for the country.
The Mosely Commission pointed out that the separation of the
academic from the professional training of teachers is a radical
defect in our Ontario system of education. It is to be hoped
that the government and the universities will co-operate in re¬
moving this defect at the earliest possible date.

Over eighteen months ago Principal Gordon, in conjunc¬
tion with Dean Connell, organized a course of lectures on
Hygiene, for the purpose of directing the attention of students
to the necessity of caring for their health. It occurred to me
last winter that I might co-operate in such a movement. Ac¬
cordingly I gave a course of about 50 lectures upon Physiology
and Personal Hygiene, and incorporated them with those of
my pass class. The favourable reception which they met with
has induced me to extend this course and offer it as an
optional one next session. Accordingly, pass students in
Arts will be allowed to take this class in Physiology,
Hygiene and Sanitary Science in place of the one in Animal
Morphology.

The appointment of a lecturer in Animal Morphology has
given satisfaction. Dr. Etherington won the confidence of his
students from the outset, and has applied himself to his work
with energy and ability. As a result we may expect to see, in

THE UNIVERSITY.

a few sessions, a chair of Comparative Anatomy well organized
and capably filled.

A. P. Knight,

The John Roberts Professor of A nimal Biology .
Report on Botany.

Students registered in Pass Class . 88

Preliminary Honours . 12

Medical Botany . 2

Total . 47

A larger amount of practical work then usual was accom¬
plished by the Pass Class during the session. Upwards of
three thousand specimens were required for study, and the
final examination was very satisfactory.

The Preliminary Honour Class required over 1,900 speci¬
mens, which they studied with sufficient care to be able to
identify them at sight. The usual amount of Physiology was
studied from the text-book, and a course of lectures on Ecology
was delivered, which extended over the greater part of the
session.

The Medical class was opened after the Christmas holi¬
days, but owing to the lateness of the season it was impossible
to secure as large a number of living specimens of algae,
moulds, &c., as was desirable. A goodly number, however,
were examined, and much time devoted to Morphology and
Physiology. Henceforth the class must open at the beginning
of the session, when living specimens can be procured.

In previous reports I have called attention to the fact that
the method of teaching Botany in Colleges has been completely
changed in late years. Instead of beginning with the most
highly developed classes of plants, the new text-books begin
with the practical study of the lowest classes, and follow the
natural course of development to the highest forms. This
course gives the student a much clearer idea of the course of
development revealed in nature. It demands, however, a large
amount of time to make the necessary collections and prepare
the microscopic specimens for study. The Medical class also
demands a large amount of the same kind of work. The experi¬
ments necessary for the practical study of Physiology also re¬
quire much patience and perseverance for their development.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY .

It seems unnecessary to say that it is utterly impossible for one
person to accomplish the work required. The conservatory,
now completed, is a valuable aid for the production and preser¬
vation of specimens, but it requires proper attention. The
conducting of four classes, requiring so much laboratory work,
is beyond the ability of any one individual. If we are to keep
pace with other colleges and prepare teachers for the high
schools, a capable assistant is absolutely necessary.

HERBARIUM.

A donation for the Herbarium was received from Alex. H.
D. Ross, M.A., consisting of five hundred sheets of mounted
plants, about two hundred unmounted, with a quantity of
mounting paper and a large collection of nicely prepared speci¬
mens of wood. The latter would be very useful for teaching
the differences between different kinds of wood if we had the
necessary cases or shelves to display them. About 2,800
sheets of mounted plants have been added to the Herbarium
during the past year. The preparing and arranging of these
have demanded a large amount of my time.

Last year I left home the first week of June and spent the
summer making collections at New River on the shores of the
Bay of Fundy, at Sackville on the great marshes, at Shediac,
and at Malpeque, P.E.I. I succeeded in securing a large
number of marine algae and of sea coast plants, which add

greatly to the value of the Herbarium.

James Fowler,

Projessor of Botany.

Report of Librarian.

The additions to the Library during the year 1904-05 were
as follows:

Purchased . 1,193 volumes

Donated . 766 “

Total . 1,949 “

The number of volumes purchased was less than during

the last two or three years, owing to the purchase of small but

valuable and extensive sets in different departments, including
the publications of the Palestine Exploration Fund, a set of the

THE UNIVERSITY.

Journal of Anatomy, a Corpus Scriptorum Graecorum, and the
Codices Alexandrinus, Oxyrhinchus and others.

The work of the Library has been satisfactory, showing an
increased inclination on the part of the students to avail them¬
selves of the advantages offered. As this is the most import¬
ant part of Library work, every effort is being made to render
the books more accessible to the students, and every facility
possible for the free use of them is allowed. The duplicate
libraries in the Consulting Library in the new Arts Building
are very insufficient and should be made much more extensive
than is possible with the funds at the disposal of the Librarian.
This room is in constant use during the session, and should
have a far larger supply of material for consulting work. The
work among the extra-mural students has very much increased,
and a large addition of duplicate volumes for their use must be
made in order not to interfere with the needs of the resident
students.

The following summary of the financial statement is taken
from the Auditor’s report :

Balance to credit of Library, May 1st, 1904 . $ 444 47

Received from Treasurer . 2,308 00

Gifts, private accounts, etc . 179 77

$2,932 24

Expenditure . 2,291 67

Balance . $641 57

Lois Saunders, Librarian.

Q UEEN'S Q UARTEEL Y.

IX.

New Books of Real V alue

Great Facts for Christian Living

By Rev George B. McLeod, Pastor First Presbyterian Church, Truro, N.S.

Contents :

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

I. The Fact of God —

II. The Fact of Christ.

III. The Truth of Life.

IV. The Spirituality of Life.

V. The Ideal of Life.

The New Law of Life.

The Threefold Value of Life.
The Fourfold Vision of Life.
The Fact of Immortality.

Cloth, 222 pages, $1.00

The writer has read much, has thought long and deeply
... These chapters glow, too, with that fine en¬
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Jesus Christ, and love for the souls of brother men. The discourses cannot be read without making life
a loftier, deeper, nobler thing.”— From / ntivduction , by Rev. R. Douglas Fraser , M.A. *

“ This is a book of fundamentals,
has translated his thinking into strenuous living.

Inter-Communion with God

An Exploration of Spiritual Power as manifested in intercourse and co-operation between God and man.

By Marshall P. Tailing. Cloth, net $1.25

As the author's earlier volume, "Extempore Prayer” treated of public devotion, the present work
deals with communion as a private experience, and appeals to all classes who desire to understand God's
contact with mankind .The author's method of treatment is suggestive and original, a fresh contribu¬
tion to the literature upon this most important of all subjects.

The Culture of Simplicity

By the author of “Heavenly Harmonies” Malcolm J, McLood. Cloth, net $1.00

The burden of the interest of these striking chapters is an emphasis of James Russell Lowell’s say¬
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tion to the spiritual as well as to the material world, and that too with the engaging style of expression
that has given his earlier writings such wide popularity.

Letters to the Seven Churches and their Place
in the Plan of the Apocalypse

By Prof. W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L.

With numerous Plates and Illustrations.

The Forgiveness of Sms and other sermons

Bv Rev. Prof. Geo. Adam Smith, D.D.

Cloth $1.75

The Practice of Self-Culture

By Rev. Hugh Black, M.A.

Cloth $1.00

The Magnetism of Christ

A study of our Lord’s Missionary Methods
By Rev. John Smith, D.t).

Cloth $1.75

The Book of Genesis

By Dr. Alexander Maclaren.

Cloth, net $1.50

Cloth $3.00

John Knox

His Ideas and Ideals.

By Rev. James Stalker, D.D.

Cloth $1.25

Seeking Life and other sermons.

By Rt. Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D.

Cloth $1.50

Moral Education

By Edward Howard Griggs, auther of “The
New Humanism.” Cloth, net $2.00

Postage 12c.

Usual Discounts.

Send for Lists of New Books

William Briggs,

29-33 RICHMOND ST. WEST

TORONTO, ONT

When$writing Advertisers kindly mention Queen’s Quarterly.

QUEEN'S QUARTERLY.

QUEEN’S QUARTERLY

A Magazine Devoted to Science and

Literature.

Founded in 1893,

Re-organized 1902.

OUEEN’S QUARTERLY is an organ devoted to the
higher thought in Canada. Its pages contain a
sufficiently varied assortment of matter, articles on Liter¬
ature, Art, Theology, Science and History, Accounts of
Canadian Industries, Reviews of Important books, etc. It
also aims specially at promoting serious and candid dis¬
cussion of present-day problems as they arise in our politica1
civil and religious work. In this way it hopes to do a use¬
ful work for Canada, the more so that the value of what it
has already done in this respect has been freely acknowl¬
edged by prominent writers and educationalists.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE :

Prof. James Cappon, M.A. Prof. John Watson, M.A., LL. D.
Prof. N. F. Dupuis, M.A. Prof. A. P. Knight, M.A.

CONSULTING COMMITTEE:

Sir Sandford Fleming’, K.C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont.

R. V. Rogers, K.C., LL.D., Kingston, Ont.

Rev. Prof. Bryce, LL.D., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.

Rev. W. Clarke, M.A., LLD., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Trinity University, Toronto, Ont.

Prof. N. R. Carmichael, M.A., Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.

Prof. John Davidson, Ph.D., University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.

N. W. Hoyles, B.A., LL.D., K.C., Prin. of Law School. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Ont.

Prof. R. A. Falconer, B.D., Litt.D., Pine Hill Presbyterian College.

Prof. A. MacMechan, Ph.D., Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.

Rev. Prof. Macnaughton, M.A., McGill University, Montreal.

Prof. John Marshall, M.A., Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.

Lt.-Col. R. N. R. Reade, Commandant Royal Military College, Kingston, Ont.

Prof. Adam Shortt, M.A., Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont.

Prof. W. F. P. Stockley, M.A., Halifax, N.S.

JSfF'Address all literary communications to the Editors, Queen s University, Kingston
and all business communications to Queen's Quarterly, Kingston, Ont.

Yearly Subscription, $1.00. Each Quarterly Number 25c.

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